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in respiratory acidosis, the primary problem is ____ because _____a. low arterial P O@ -- CO2 is converted to HCO3-b. high arterial P CO2 -- CO2 is converted to H2CO3c. low arterial P O2 -- O2 is a metabolic acidd. high arterial P CO2 -- O2 is a major pH bufferwhich of the following statements about the respiratory pacemaker is correct?a. it works independently from other CNS centersb. it has neurons with rhythmic pacemaker potentials c. it senses distension of the chest wall and lungs d. it includes clusters of neurons in the medullaa physiological shunt may develop when regional airways collapse and become obstructed. as a consequence, regional V/Q will:a. decreaseb. increasec. not changed. cannot be determinedthe work of breathing accounts for elastic and resistive forces in the respiratory system. during quiet breathing, what factor accomplishes the work during expiration?a. total airway resistanceb. expiratory muscle activity c. respiratory system recoild. inspiratory muscle relaxationO2 and CO2 are relatively insoluble in the alveolar-capillary interface. However, both gases are perfusion-limited because:a. Both gases are insoluble in blood too.b. Both gases equilibrate with blood in >0.7s c. O2 and CO2 equilibrate fast in blood.d. All the options are incorrect.At rest (end of expiration), the lungs are "attached" to the chest wall because: a. the parietal pleura attaches to the lung.b. the chest wall and lungs are close.c. the intrapleural space is closed.d. the pleural fluid joins the pleuras.which of the following factors limits inspiratory flow in a flow-volume loop?a. increased airway resistance b. increased lung recoilc. increased muscle forced. all options are correctwhat would a patient with COPD show in both a flow-volume loop and a spirogram?a. increased inspiratory flowb. decreased total lung capacity c. increased residual volumed. decreased expiratory flowa normal subject is testing an experimental O2-containing low-density liquid. during the experiment, the subject is completely immersed in this liquid, and breathing this liquid in and out. assuming gas exchange is normal, what is likely to change during the experiment?a. lung compliance will increaseb. surface tension will increase c. surfactant production will increased. the lungs will be difficult to expandthe cardiovascular response to exercise:a. includes local control of systemic circulation b. resembles the fight-or-flight response c. results in decreased stroke volume d. decreases oxygen consumption in musclewhich of the following structures are needed for normal speech?a. vocal foldsb. nasal sinusesc. all are correct d. mouthduring quiet breathing, muscle activity is needed for:a. inspiration b. expirationc. bothd. neitherwe say the conducting zone is a low-resistance pathway because its branching:a. Increases total airway surface areab. decreases total airway resistancec. decreases the resistance of each airwayd. all options are correctthe following structures are part of the respiratory zone, except:a. terminal bronchioles b. respiratory bronchiolesc. alveolar sacsd. alveolithe process of gas exchange between the lungs and the cardiovascular system depends on:a. bulk air flow from alveoli to capillaries b. high O2 content in the cardiovascular system c. CO2 production by the peripheral tissues d. gas exchange depends on diffusion onlythe cardiovascular system includes the following components, except:a. cardiac outputb. endocrine systemc. total peripheral resistance d. vasomotor control____ and _____ are called coupling factorsa. afterload -- heart rateb. inotropic state -- heart rate c. preload -- afterload d. preload -- inotropic stateincreased firing rate of aortic baroreceptors:a. causes an increase in blood pressure b. follows blood pressure increasesc. causes an increase in heart rated. leads to vasoconstriction and tachycardiasystemic blood pressure determines the _____, the force that drives filtration out of the capillaries under normal conditionsa. end-diastolic pressureb. capillary hydrostatic pressurec. plasma oncotic pressure d. interstitial oncotic pressurewhich of the following statements about local myogenic regulation of blood flow is correct?a. it is due to endothelium-derived vasodilatorsb. it results from local interstitial hypoxiac. it is a response to transmural pressure in arterioles d. it is caused by a local increase in adenosine concentration
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