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the cardiovascular system includes the following components, except:a. cardiac outputb. endocrine systemc. total peripheral resistance d. vasomotor controlincreased firing rate of aortic baroreceptors:a. causes an increase in blood pressure b. follows blood pressure increasesc. causes an increase in heart rated. leads to vasoconstriction and tachycardiawhich of the following statements about vascular compliance is correct?a. it is equal to the change in volume for a given change in pressureb. arterial compliance is 20 times greater than venous compliance c. venous compliance increases when blood volume decreases d. venous compliance is equal to cardiac compliancewhich of the following is not a function of veins?a. serve as a blood reservoir b. return blood back to the heart c. regulate plasma oncotic pressured. change capillary hydrostatic pressurethe renin-angiotensin-aldosterone:a. increases sympathetic activity b. is activated by low blood pressure c. results in loss of extracellular waterd. decreases cardiac afterloadWhich of the following statements is true?a. aerobic metabolism takes place in the cytosol b. it includes multiple mitochondrial pathwaysc. O2 is needed to oxidize ADP to ATPd. it is Independent of mitochondrial contentwhich of the following events is not a part of the cardiac cycle phases in normal subjects?a. atrioventricular node initiates atrial contraction b. ventricular contraction while inlet and outlet valves are closedc. opening of outlet valves during ventricular contractiond. atrial contraction during ventricular fillingwhat factor contributes to the increase in force production when cardiac muscle sarcomere length increased from 1.8 to 2.2 um?a. increased SR Ca2+ pump activity b. loss of thick and thin filament overlap c. decreased probability of cross-bridge formation d. increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivitya key difference between the cardiac cycles of the left and right ventricles is that:a. the two ventricles have the same stroke volume b. the left ventricle has a higher contraction frequency c. the right ventricle has a smaller stroke volume d. the right ventricle produces lower pressuresthe P and QRS waves of a normal ECG result from ____ and ______, respectivelya. atrial repolarization -- ventricular repolarization b. atrial depolarization -- ventricular depolarization c. SA node depolarization -- AV node depolarization d. SA node repolarization -- AV node repolarizationin one normal cardiac cycle, the ____ occurs ______a. QRS wave -- before atrial contraction b. opening of AV valves -- before atrial contraction c. first heart sound -- during isovolumetric relaxation d. isovolumetric contraction -- during ventricular fillingwhich of the following is not a likely consequence of increase sympathetic stimulation to the SA node?a. steeper phase 4 depolarization slope b. increased Ca2+ influxc. decreased resting membrane potential d. decreased action potential thresholdwhich of the following is a step in the process of cardiomyocyte contraction?a. End-plate depolarizationb. L-type Ca2+ channels openc. sarcoplasmic reticulum depolarization d. SR Na+-Ca2+ exchanger activitiesaccording to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, increased end-diastolic volume will:a. increase extracellular Ca2+ release b. decrease heart ratec. increase systolic ventricular pressured. decrease myofilament Ca2+ sensitivitySensitivity to external stimuli, being more reactive to upset and harder to calm down, and lack of routine times for eating/sleeping are all examples of a __________ _________ temperament._______ is the volume of blood occupied by _____a. Hematocrit -- erythrocytesb. Albumin -- proteinc. Fuxxy layer -- lymphocytesd. cardiac output -- plasmathe amplitude of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration during cardiomyocyte contraction depends on:a. Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from the SRb. the amplitude of the action potential c. Ca2+ entry via the SE Ca2+ ATPased. the opening of T-type Ca2+ channelsT or F: Most speakers who stutter exhibit relatively high degrees of spontaneous fluencywhich of the following statements is correct?a. the AV valves open when the atria contractb. the aortic and AV valves open simultaneously c. the AV valves open when the ventricles contractd. the AV valves close when the ventricles contractin contrast to arterial vessels, veins have:a. thinner wallsb. more smooth musclec. higher resistanced. thicker endothelium
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