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patients with severe anemia may have tachycardia at rest. this is likely:a. an attempt to increase O2 deliveryb. due to lack of O2 in the heartc. a consequence of tissue stressd. a sign that the lungs are hypoxica patient with an anatomical shunt is placed on supplemental O2. you expect arterial O2 content to:a. increase because O2 diffusion improvesb. decrease because O2 diffusion worsensc. not change because it is not a diffusion problemd. not change because there is local vasodilationthe extrinsic regulation of cardiac output includes the following factors, except:a. catecholamines b. sympathetic drivec. thyroid hormonesd. preloadthe disease process in COPD may include significant loss of alveolar walls. because of this, we predict that:a. total lung compliance decreasesb. alveolar surface tension decreasesc. quiet expirations are not passive d. quiet inspirations are not passivein complete absence of muscle activity, the respiratory system:a. is at residual volume (RV)b. is at functional residual capacity (FRC)c. has total elastic recoil outd. is furthest away from total lung capacity (TLC)which of the following conditions shifts the ventilatory response to PCO2 down and to the right?a. metabolic acidosisb. sleepc. hypoxiad. exerciseAt the end of a quiet breath (expiration), what is the direction of the recoil forces acting on the respiratory system?a. Lung recoil out, chest recoil inb. Lung recoil out, chest recoil outc. Lung recoil in, chest recoil ind. Lung recoil in, chest recoil outaccording to the alveolar ventilation equation, when the metabolic production of CO2 doubles:a. alveolar ventilation decreases by 50%b. alveolar PCO2 decreases by 50%c. alveolar ventilation increases by 100%d. alveolar PCO2 Increases by 100%which of the following factors makes the exchange of carbon monoxide (CO) between the lungs and the circulation diffusion-limited?a. CO is fairly insoluble in bloodb. hemoglobin binds CO with high affinity c. alveolar CO equilibrates with blood COd. CO easily crosses from alveolus to capillaryin a normal subject, which of the following factors limits expiratory flow during a forceful expiratory maneuver?a. decreasing lateral tractionb. increasing intrapleural pressurec. increasing muscle forced. decreasing vascular resistance2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration increases a lot during exposure to altitude (low ambient PO2). when ambient PO2 is very low, the change in 2,3-DPG can be:a. good because it improves O2 unloading to the tissuesb. bad because it makes O2 unloading more difficult c. good because more O2 binds to Hgb in the lungsd. bad because less O2 binds to Hgb in the lungsthe alveolar-arterial O2 difference arises because of:a. a physiological shunt b. faster CO2 different c. faster O2 diffusiond. an anatomical shuntunder steady state conditions, the cardiac and vascular function curves:a. intersect at the steady state point b. relate cardiac output to arterial pressurec. are fixed and cannot be changed d. cannot change simutaneouslywhich of the following statements about CO2 transport is true?a. most of the CO2 is transported as carbamino-Hgbb. CO2 is converted to H2CO# in the plasmac. most of the CO2 is transported as HCO3-d. PCO2 does not determine the amount of dissolved CO2which of the following situations is likely to result in the greatest response to arterial hypoxemia?a. Arterial pH = 7.1 and Pco2 = 50 mm Hgb. Arterial pH = 7.3 and Po2 = 70 mm Hgc. Venous pH = 6.9 and Pco2 = 60 mm Hgd. Venous pH = 7.1 and Po2 = 70 mm Hgyou are about to measure the distribution of ventilation in a normal subject lying on his back (supine position). based on your understanding of the respiratory system, which lung region will receive the most ventilation?a. apexb. backc. frontd. baseone difference between peripheral and central chemoreceptors is that:a. peripheral chemoreceptors sense PCO2 only b. central chemoreceptors sense metabolic acidsc. peripheral chemoreceptors sense metabolic acidsd. central chemoreceptors sense low PO2 in CSFin respiratory acidosis, the primary problem is ____ because _____a. low arterial P O@ -- CO2 is converted to HCO3-b. high arterial P CO2 -- CO2 is converted to H2CO3c. low arterial P O2 -- O2 is a metabolic acidd. high arterial P CO2 -- O2 is a major pH buffera physiological shunt may develop when regional airways collapse and become obstructed. as a consequence, regional V/Q will:a. decreaseb. increasec. not changed. cannot be determinedYou will measure pulmonary blood flow while the subject is on his back (supine). Which of the following is a likely consequence of posture?a. The lungs will be mostly zone 3: P arterial > P venous > P alveolarb. The lungs will be mostly zone 2: P arterial > P alveolar > P venousc. The lungs will be mostly zone 1: P alveolar > P arterial > P venousd. It cannot be predicted from the information given.
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