English Questions

is the accent and dialect associated with Liverpool and the surrounding county - Merseyside. It has mainly been influenced by Irish immigrants who arrived via the Liverpool docks. To some extent, it is also believed to have been influenced by Norwegian and Welsh immigrants. Hence its singularity.It is named after scouse, a stew eaten by sailors and locals.Fricatisation of voiceless plosives, especially /k/R => [ɾ] → Instead of the postalveolar approximant [ɹ], you will hear the alveolar tap [ɾ].TH, DH→ The dental fricatives /θ, ð/ are sometimes realised as dental stops [t̪], [d̪] under Irish influence, although the fricative forms are also found.L = always darkFACE and GOAT = often diphthongal

Scottish English is NOT a homogeneous variety, and some of its dialects are characterised by lexical and grammatical as well as phonological and phonetic specificities.Rhotic accent

is the accent heard in Newcastle and the surrounding area known as Tyneside. In many respects, the Geordie accent sounds like a Scottish accent

This consists of in the realisation of /r/ as [ʋ] (e.g. France [fʋɑːns], red [ʋed]).

This phenomenon consists in the pronunciation of dark /l/ as a vowel rather than a lateral approximant (e.g. milk realised as miwk).

Long narrow or quasi-monophthongal PRICEOpen NORTHOpen close-mid vowels

"The name 'Urban North British Intonation' implies an intonational system that operates in a number of cities in northern Britain [...] characterised by a default intonation involving rising [...] nuclear pitch patterns".We wasJampShe seenI'll awayThis needs washed

Realisation of R as an alveolar tapVelar fricative /x/→ "loch"/w/-/ʍ/ contrast→ A distinction exists between /w/, which is a labiovelar approximant, and the voiceless labiovelar fricative /ʍ/. These distinct consonants are respectively heard in words like witch (spelt without an <h>) and which (spelt with an <h>)Widespread use of the glottal stopNo contrast between clear L and dark L ([l]-[ɫ])

In British spelling 'L' is doubled in verbs ending in a vowel plus 'L'. In American English, the 'L' is not doubled:

Apparent absence of vowel length contrastThe Scottish Vowel Length Rule (SVLR) or Aitken's lawMonophthongal FACE and GOATFOOT/GOOSE fronting'Three-way contrast' before R→ NURSE vowel. Fir, fern, and fur are thus sometimes pronounced with the phonemes /ɪr/, /ɛr/ et /ʌr/.Absence of Pre-R Breaking and pre-schwa laxing→ beer => /biːr/, bear => /beːr/MOUTH =>/ʌu/PRICE =>/ʌ̈i/ or /ɛ̝̈i/

is a West Germanic language spoken in Scotland. It is sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from Scottish Gaelic, the Celtic language spoken in the HebridesModern Scots is a sister language of Modern English, as the two diverged independently from Early Middle English (1150-1300).

The type of speech used by people from the East End of London.Cockney as a dialect is most notable for its argot, or coded language, which was born out of ingenious rhyming slang.Non-RhoticTRAP-BATH splitThe word Cockney originally had a pejorative connotation, originally deriving from cokenay, or cokeney, a late Middle English word of the 14th century that meant, literally, "cocks' egg", i.e., a small or defective egg, imagined to come from a rooster—which, of course, cannot produce eggs.Synonymous with the working-class.The word "cockney" itself was used as far back as the 14th century.

Some words ending with 'tre' in British English usually end with 'ter' in American English:h

(or GenAm) is the term used to refer to the umbrella accent of American English spoken by most Americans from the North Midland, Western New England, and from the Western states.General American does not really correspond to a single unified accent, but it includes a wide continuum of accents rather than a unified accent. It is mostly perceived as lacking any distinct regional, ethnic, or social characteristics. Hence its being taught to EFL learners as an alternative to SBE and being considered standard.

A variety of language is defined as a permanent subsystem of language distinguished from other subsystems of that same language by grammatical, syntactic, lexical, phonological and phonetic specificities.Such subsystems are used by distinctive sets of speakers of a given language while remaining intelligible by all of these speakers.

Transcriptions of local vowel pronunciation norms and discussions bearing on the vocalic contrasts that exist in accents of English are approached by employing the keywords used by Wells (1982) and the contributors to Urban Voices (1999) to characterise lexical sets.

Yod-Dropping is extended and occurs after /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, /l/ and /θ/ in stressed syllables.Yod-dropping is the elision of the /j/ from certain syllable-initial clusters-ed→ /əd/ in GenAm-ary; -ory→ full vowel.GA does not have systematic Pre-R Breaking.SQUARE has a variant with /æ(ə)r/:

is a variety or an accent that has a particular status owing to prescriptive norms that encourage a linguistic community as socially correct in a given geographic and temporal context (cf. Wells 1982 : 34). SBE or RP is the standard accent in Great Britain.

Geographic mobilityGeographic features (natural and artificial), etc.

I define a dialect as a permanent variety used by a set of the population living in a definite geographic area or associated with that particular geographic area.Some refer to such varieties as geographical or local dialects (in this case, it becomes difficult to distinguish between a variety and a dialect).