Also known as the 'kiwi accent'.Non-RhoticT-tappingL-velarisation and vocalisationThe vowels of New Zealand English are mainly similar to those of Australian English, but1) KIT is differentand2) NZ short front vowels are even closer than in Australian English.KIT = very centralised (=> [ɪ̈ ] / [ə]).This is a very distinctive characteristic of NZ English.Short front vowels: DRESS, TRAPNURSE => [øː], this vowel is not only higher and fronter than SBE NURSE (/ɜː/), but it is also more rounded.Most African languages have a relatively small vowel system.No FLEECE / KIT distinction→ leave = liveMonophthongal FACE and GOATTRAP = BATH = PALM = START = [a]LOT = STRUT = CLOTH = THOUGHT = FORCE = NORTH = [ᴐ]GOOSE = FOOT = [u] → look = LukeThey do challenges (/ð/ => [d])Most Nigerian languages do not have dental fricatives (/θ/ or /ð/)ketchup (/ʌ/ => [ᴐ])Whereas British, American and Antipodean accents of English are stress-timed, African Englishes tend to be syllable-timed.This is a characteristic they share with the French language.BirminghamThe most disfavoured variety of British English (ugly) → academics say'Shifted' diphthongs like in Cockney, (price → proyce)[eɪ] → [ɪ]'Lilt', typical Brummie intonation: the melody of the language, always rising and fallingVelar nasal 'plus' → [ŋ] → [ŋg]American (GA)ScottishIrishNorthern IrishIndian (variable)SBE/RP (British)CockneyNorthern EnglishAustralianKiwiSouth AfricanIndian (variable)Variable rhoticityClear L in all positionsTRAP-BATH splitLOT unroundingThe expression 'Indian English ' is commonly used, though inaccurately, to refer not only to the English spoken in India proper but also to that of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon), and Nepal, as well as to that spoken by those originating in these areas but now living [elsewhere].' (Wells 1982)Retroflex T and D→ /t/ and /d/ are thus respectively realised [ʈ] and [ɖ]today I wanted toTH and DH realised as dental plosivesR => [ɾ] or [r] → That is, an alveolar tap or trillNo /v/ - /w/ opposition→ vine - wine ; vest - west => [ʋ]Unaspirated voiceless plosivesLexical stress is often 'wrongly located'Non-RhoticT-tappingTRAP-BATH splitNURSE roundingAustralian English has shifted diphthongs, the Australian diphthongs are reminiscent of those of the Cockney accent.fricatisation of /k/ phoneme(chicken vs "chikrhin") → Irish descent, alveolar tap instead of /t/ phoneme→ dental stops instead of dental fricativesNURSE SQUARE are the same,Scottish Vowel Length Rule: Complicated rule that applies to rule of Scottish accents → erratic length of the vowels in the accentsFLEECE DRESS FACE FOOT GOOSE TRAP BATH PRICE MOUTH presence of fricative /r/ sound and more*That is the realisation of /t/ as a glottal stop ([ʔ]). In Cockney, this applies to all environments.Non-RhoticTRAP-BATH splitShort front vowels TRAP, DRESS, KITGOOSE => /ʉː/, very much as in Australian and New Zealand English.NURSE =>[øː] (rounded), very much as in New Zealand English.In South African English, FACE has an SBE-like quality.PRICE => [äɪ] or monophthongal [äː].MOUTH => [ɑ̈ɤ] or monophthongal [ɑ̈ː].GOAT => [œ̈ɤ̈] or monophthongal [œː].The 'melody' of South African English tends to be different from that of SBE - or that of Australian or NZ English, due to the influence of Afrikaans.SBECockneyIrishAustralian, KiwiSouth AfricanIndianSome nouns that end with 'ogue' in British English end with either 'og' or 'ogue in American English:This phenomenon involves the replacement of the two 'TH' sounds /θ/ and /ð/ respectively by labiodentals [f] and [v].is not a unified variety of English, but rather a cluster of distinct but related varieties.Non-RhoticNo TRAP-BATH splitNo FOOT-STRUT splitMonophthongal FACE and GOAT (variable)Rising tones observed at the end of declaratives: to solve this problem, intonationists suggest that UNBI rises may actually be truncated fallFLEECE (a monophthong in SBE) as [əi]PRICE as [ɑɪ]FACE as [æɪ]CHOICE as [ɔ̝ɪ~oɪ]MOUTH as [æʊ] or [æː]GOAT as [aʊ]GOOSE as [əʉ] or [ʉː]in academic studies and opinion polls consistently fares as the most disfavoured variety of British English, yet with no clear account of the dislike.'Shifted' diphthongs→'Lilt' (Typical Brummie intonation)Velar nasal 'plus'English spoken in the Irish Republic (not Northern Ireland)Rhotic accentTRAP-BATH split"Slit" T→ Word-final or intervocalic T is pronounced uniquely in most Hiberno-English - the most common pronunciation is as a "slit fricative".British English words ending in 'our' usually end in 'or' in American English:The province of Ulster contains nine counties only six of which constitute Northern IrelandThe term Northern Irish English is generally used to refer to the varieties of English spoken in the six counties of Northern Ireland.RhoticNo TRAP-BATH splitClear L in all environmentsRealisation of TH/DH as dental fricativesThe Scottish Vowel Length Rule (SVLR) or Aitken's law (as in Scottish E.)FOOT/GOOSE frontingNo HappY-tensingWord-final / intervocalic T not realised as a 'slit' fricativeVoiceless velar fricative /x/Palatalisation of /k/ and /ɡ/UNBI
Explore Features
Discover the full suite of AI-powered study tools.
Study Plan
Build a personalized study schedule powered by AI.
Record Lecture
Capture and generate enhanced notes from your lectures.
Notes
Automatically generate comprehensive notes from any course material.
Calendar
Plan personalized study sessions with AI-assisted scheduling
Tutor Me
Get comprehensive step-by-step explanations on any topic.
Spark.E Call
Have a live voice conversation with your AI tutor.
Spark.E Visuals
Analyze diagrams, charts, and images with AI-powered explanations.
Audio Recap
Generate podcast-style audio summaries of your study materials.
Explainer Video
Turn any topic into an AI-generated educational video.
Flashcards
Create smart flashcard decks from your study materials with one click.
QuizFetch
Auto-generated quizzes from your uploaded content.
Arcade
Learn through interactive study games.
Exam-Specific Questions
Practice with real exam formats and questions.
Practice Tests
Simulate full-length exams from your material.
Essay Grader
Receive personalized feedback and grading on your essays.
Plugins
Shape the way Spark.E teaches you.
Mini Apps
Explore interactive study apps or build your own.