Cell Biology Questions

Plant leaf has 1. .... = the outermost layer.2. .... = loaded with chloroplasts = organelles perfectly suited for process of photosynthesisInside the chloroplasts, we have STACKs of ..... (grana),, and are essentially membranes, excellent places to make proton gradients.Stroma = .... portion of chloroplast.

Substrate Level Phosphorylation - this simply uses an enzyme (KINASE) to add a .... group to ADP. Enzymes that do this are called kinases. Makes less ATPOxidative Phosphorylation - this uses a series of ... reactions to create proton gradient that powers an ATP synthase to generate .... amounts of ATP. electron transport and chemiosmosis are referred to as oxidative phosphorylation as this requires these pathways to generate the energy for the ATP synthesis.

Last stage : .Chemiosmosis - using a gradient of H+ across a membrane (... gradient driven by electron transport) to make ATP via .... phosphorylation

2. Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA= move pyruvate into mitochondria (using //// protein), converting it into ... Acetyl CoA. Done by taking off CO2, hooking with coenzyme ..., getting Accetyl CoA (making NADH also again)3. Krebs Cycle ( we go thru this twice)Acetyl CoA with two carbons ends with 6 carbon citrate. By .... apart 6 carbons, we generate energyAcetyl CoA combines with 4 carbon molecule making ... CARBON citrate. Gets rearranged, take carbons off, collecting electrons making NADH, GTP, ...., and producing byproducts of CO2.Purpose of Krebs Cycle = Creation of high .... molecules (NADH, FADH2, GTP, NADH) for later use in electron transport, and byproduct CO2.

1.Glycolysis (takes place in ....) = take glucose + break into 3 .... molecules called pyruvate (2 of them). Makes tiny bit of ATP + ....However, pyruvate build up is TOXIC to cell, so convert into ⇒.... CoA (it has ability to connect to citric acid cycle, very important.)It is an entry molecule.

2. Conversion of pyruvate acetyl coa = In the process of 2 Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, we lose ... and gain NADH. Takes place .... Mitochondria is optimized for energy transformation since tons of membrane.3. Acetyl - CoA (Now only ... C) = goes into Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle. Get a bit of ATP, CO2, and tons of ...., and .... NADH + FADH2 (electron givers and high energy molecules. They go into the electron transport chain).

1. Glycolysis (in cytoplasm)= start with glucose (6 carbon molecule) and break glucose down (bc energy in bonds) into 2 pyruvate (3 carbon molecule). Put .... on either end of molecule and split down middle (using ATP to split it)2nd phase: Rearrangements, rip phosphates again, generating ... (just a little bit more than what we used), also gaining 2 ...... and H2O (a bit).

In Electron Transport Chain (NADH + FADH2) = their .... are ripped off, passing them from molecule to molecule, each time building a ... GRAIDIENT on a side of the membrane. But we need an electron catcher at the end, so ... becomes terminal electron acceptor (catching electrons). Gain H+s. .... of membrane is high with protons, inside is really low. Wants to equalize, leads to chemiosmosis

3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle /TCA) - transferring of .... to carrier molecules (NADH+H+ and ... ) to prevent catastrophic "burning" of our fuel source and losing energy and generation of CO2 and a tiny amount of ,,,4. Electron Transport - transferring electrons from electron carriers NADH+H+ and FADH2 in small energy steps to create a chemiosmotic ,,,, that will drive ATP synthesis. Electrons ultimately received by OXYGEN.

Ultimate goal of oxidative phosphorylation = make ATP mostly in .....Oxygen (from final electron acceptor) and Hydrogens (made in .... and electron transport) found in electron transport chain become the .... at the end of cellular respiration

Enzymes are .... in a reaction, not changed. Only the .....(what the enzyme acts on) is altered as it is converted to the product. They make great regulators since their presence changes the rate of reactions. Enzymes are proteins so anything that affects PROTEIN structure will effectively ..... an enzyme and affect its functionality.

Aerobic cellular respiration = process of generating ... energy to be shuttled for cellular work via ATP from the breakdown of glucose. Complex pathway with many points of regulation.To get most energy need to convert it to glucose or break it down to glucose, because glucose provides ......... ATP; however, we can enter these pathways anywhere and create ATP.

The 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics apply to biology. They state:Energy can be transferred and transformed but not /// or destroyed.Every energy transfer increases .... (disorder).

Purpose of electron transport chain = ripping electrons off of NADH and FADH2, passing to oxygen to catch, and removing some of their ... as we go, creating a proton .......... across a membrane.4. ......... (MAKES MOST ATP HERE). =Electron transport build proton gradient, now where protons run thru ATP ..... (a blob crossing through membrane) center, converting ADP (adding on ... using the energy generated from concentration gradient) to ATP. Cellular respiration with tons of oxygen. We harness this energy

The ..... of the last phosphate bond from ATP liberates ENERGY when it is hydrolyzed. Conversely, energy can be stored in that bond when ATP is produced via dehydration synthesis.If we create ATP from the stepwise breakdown of glucose via a series of controlled mostly exergonic reactions, then we have it to drive work inside a cell.

We use a series of redox reactions to harvest energy from //// in cells in order to use that energy to make ATP. In other words, we .... glucose and reduce oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water and energy to make ATP.

We group the production of ATP from glucose + oxygen, into some basic steps1. Glycolysis - Splitting of the 6-carbon glucose molecule into .... 3-carbon molecules of .... Small amount of ... is made via substrate level phosphorylation, and an electron carrier molecules, ..... H+, is generated.2. Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA - this step links glycolysis to the Kreb's (TCA) cycle. In the process we use CoEnzymeA and generate .... and more NADH+H+

Metabolism is the total of ....chemical reactions in an organism. Some metabolic functions are anabolic and ......LARGER molecules and others are catabolic and .... down larger molecules.Think of cats love to BREAK thingsPathways have many steps, regulated by specific ... that respond to either positive or negative feedback.

Cellular Respiration = take food and break down into glucose (C6H12O6), best way to burn fuel is thru adequate oxygen, generating ATP.Waste products = ..... + H2O

There are two basic types of inhibition.1.Competitive inhibition actually competes for the .... site itself with the substrate.2. Non-competitive inhibition = attaching somewhere ..... than the active site and changing the .....of the active site so the substrate cannot bind.