Cell Biology Questions

Once have chemical potential energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, use it to take carbon from.... into ..... (sugars) and recycle the ATP and NADPH to ADP and NADP+.Both processes are happening in the CHLOROPLAST. Creating energy happens in the thylakoids because we need membranes to move electrons and set up proton gradients. Sequestering ... happens in the ....

Final stage of mitosis. The separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell. The nuclei and the nuclear membrane of the daughter cells form around the new sets of chromosomes

First stage of mitosis cell division. The nuclear membrane breaks down strands of chromosome thicken to form chromotids.

CAM plants (separation in space and .....)Separate into mesophyll cells and ... sheath cells. Open stomata only at night, only co2 at night, storing as an .... acid. They can break that down into carbon dioxide during the day, using energy from light reactions and fix the carbon dioxide during the .... when they have stomata closedLike: sugarcane, pineapple in TROPICAL environments

1st : Photosystem ... (gets excited by light) Hands electrons off, building ....gradients inside thylakoid membrane, driving ATP synthesis.2nd: Photosystem I (P...) = Gets excited by light, throws electrons off, and energy is transferred in .... (OUTSIDE of thylakoid membrane). All protons are held INSIDE thylakoid membrane, and ATP ....in middle membrane can use these protons to make ATP (which goes outside of membrane just like NADPH). Drives NADPH synthesis

Nucleus is not undergoing division and the cell seems inactive

This first photosystem =Photosystem .... Photosystem II generates ... Another photosystem, called Photosystem I responds to a slightly HIGHER wavelength of light around ... nm, and receives electrons from the electron transport chain to excite its chlorophyll molecules. PS1 kicks electrons off to electron acceptors, but no make ATP, uses the electrons to reduce NADP+ to .....

Rubisco works well with either oxygen or co2With co2, it makes g3p and also regenerate ..., storing up photosynthase. However, with an abundance of ...., it will work really hard to make co2 to continue the cycle, and without co2, it will use a really energy expensive pathway to make photosynthesis (WE DO NOT WANT .......). However, desperate times = desperate measures

Sometimes we are missing NADP to make NADPH, we can have excited electrons with nowhere to go. This can lead to ... electron transfer/flow. Electrons go inside and create .... ATP. More atp (excess in .....)Use NADPH + ATP in light independent cycle/ calvin cycle

Calvin Cycle= governed by enzyme ....Rubisco = can work with CO2 or ..... Oxygen is a problem to a plant.CO2 = abundant, lots of ....+ ATP is present at beginning of Calvin CycleWe start with .... Take input of 3 CO2, and rip RUBP to make 6 3 carbon molecules and rearrange it (using ATP and NADPH) to get 6 .... (the beginnings to make glucose).Other half just focuses in RUBP to keep making sugars. Regenerating RUBP takes energy from light dependent cycle. Calvin Cycle does not need light, needs only its products.

Light Dependent Reactions (AKA pt 1)Two photosystems really good at harvesting light. They have central ... that get super excited when exposed to light. Helper pigment molecules get excited first,Triggering central chlorphyll molecules, ripping ... in half and give .... to primary electron acceptor.This is called linear electron flow (splitting water to make energy).

In a chloroplast, chlorophyll gets so excited with the help of the accessory molecules that it gives off electrons. We call this a light .... complex and a reaction center complex and together they make a photosystem. Chlorophyll in the photosystem hands its electrons off to an electron ..... ........... (ETC). This chain is across a membrane, and a PROTON GRADIENT is made across the membrane just like we saw in cellular respiration. That proton gradient .... ATP synthesis.

...... Pathways Video (no oxygen)Without oxygen, no electron terminal acceptor. The only thing that is functional without adequate oxygen is .... (in cytoplasm), leading to pyruvate (toxic to a cell), and tons of ....Plant/bacteria = does alcoholic fermentation= making ////We use it to bake bread, and alcoholic beverages. Makes carbon dioxide. In making acetalaldehyde to ethanol we recycle NADH to NAD+.

Light independent reactions (... Cycle)Use .... harvesting from atmosphere and energy from light reaction (ATP + NADPH) to make ......., and use that to make sugars.

We make Lactic acid = lactic acid fermentationEx: Yogurt, pickles(We convert pyruvate into lactic acid, regenerating ..., continuing gycolysis to get the small ATP. Lactic acid builds up too. Best way to purge lactic acid is to rest and drink tons of water)

The ChloroplastLeaves = photosynthetic .... of plants.Have specialized adaptations to maximize photosynthesis.Photosynthesis takes place in ,,,, layer = closest to the surface to maximize sun exposure.Water is needed, comes from roots through vessels using ... tissue.Photosynthate ( products of photosynthesis) are transported through the plant using phloem tissue.

Light energy = exists in ... nature (some are in visible portion of spectrum, plants are in tune with this spectrum, 380 - 740 nm)We see wavelengths in color, different wavelengths .... different colors.Three major pigments :Chloropyll a, ...., ..........A + B= reflect green lightCarotenoids = ....., red, purpleThat's why leaves change color in fall. As chlorophyll breaks down in the fall, we can see the carotenoids (thus the shifting colors of leaves)

Openings on bottom of leaf = stoma/stomata. Purpose: let carbon dioxide in and oxygen out.Vascular bundle = responsible for carrying .... in plant, also takes products of photosynthesis away from the leaf...... is where most if the reactions are in order to convert sunlight into carbohydrateXylem = carries water up to leaves..... = carries photosynthade away

Photosynthesis Equation:Energy + .6CO2 (it gets .....) + 6 H2O (///////) = .glucose + OxygenAt any given moment, plants are going through both photosynthesis and .... respiration.Make carbohydrates in form of glucose and byproduct oxygen.

Why so many pigments? So we can get a big range of light.Plants prefer specific lights. Chlorophyll a= .... nm, Chlorophyll B: 460 nm, carotenoids = ..... nm. A sudden 2nd peak at the end too as well.Visible spectrum - light we can seeLeaves are green bc they ..... green light.To grow best plants get blue light or .... red lightPhoton - unit of light