Cell Biology Questions

rough er is connected to the _____ membrane and to the _____ er

Photorespiration effects the efficiency of photosynthesisRUBISCO can either fix carbon dioxide or oxygen. So what happens if there is more oxygen present in the stroma than carbon dioxide? Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration in the mitochondria, but it's NOT GOOD thing to have in abundance in the chloroplast. If there is excess oxygen, RUBISCO will stick it on .... Then it will use that RuBP for .... down and generation of .... Breaking it down and liberating carbon dioxide will use a LOT of ATP and ///// but not generate .... until we fix the generated carbon dioxide using MORE ATP and NADPH. This makes an unhappy plant that is struggling to feed itself.

dna coils in division and assembles into visible

The resulting pyruvate is potentially toxic to the cell, so it must be broken down to something the cell can handle and the ,,,, must be recycled to NAD+. The strategy used varies depending on the type of organism going through aerobic respiration.Both processes generate a very .... amount of ATP through glycolysis, recycle NADH+H+, and convert pyruvate to a molecule that is not ,,,, to the cell that creates it. The major difference is in the final end product. Alcoholic fermentation converts pyruvate to ......Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate to .... acid. The two pathways are illustrated below.

centrioles are found in what type of cell?

Energy comes from .....= turn sunlight energy into .... energy and stored in carbs (like glucose, starch).Producers = produce chemical energy of food for an .... ecosystem, all energy traces back to them.

Why does the cell of a unicellular organism divide?

what cell process is controlled by the nucleus?

proteins made by rough er travel to the golgi in sacks called _____. golgi ______ and _____ proteins for export out of the cell

at what level of organization does life begin?

For now, let's focus on how RUBISCO helps us fix carbon. The plant needs at least ... .......molecules to generate one sugar precursor. So carbon dioxide needs to be plentiful. The carbon dioxide can be added to (RuBP) with the help of ..... and to create short lived 6-carbon molecules (3 of them). The 6-carbon molecule is almost immediately broken into 6, 3-carbon molecules. The 6, 3-carbon molecules then have ...... added to each end. Adding the phosphates takes an input of 6 of the ATP we generated in the light reactions.After that, we want to rearrange the 6, 3 carbon molecules into ... G3P molecules. Creating G3P takes an input of NADPH to remove the phosphates. G3P makes an excellent building block for larger .... like glucose and especially fructose (commonly called plant sugar). This is the output to storage or use for the plant.

Pathway Regulation = A major regulator of the respiration pathways is the presence or absence of ,,,. Without oxygen, only the .... pathway is complete. This is an example of .... feedback. Without oxygen, there is a build up of pyruvate. This feeds back to the cell and stimulates alternative pathways.We also see negative feedback regulation throughout the systems. F

2 Ways to deal with not enough co2.1. .......... plantsVascular bundles hold xylem and ....They have bundle sheath cells around vascular bundle, close to xylem and phloem. They attempt to concentrate the co2 in the //// sheath cell and separating the acquisition of carbon dioxide and the usage of co2, and trying to keep water conserved.Takes CO2, instead of going directly to calvin cycle, uses enzyme pepcarboxylase, bundle carbon in bundle sheath cell to calvin cycle, uses a bit of energy to do that. Separation in ....DRY

The daughter chromosomes separate and move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell.

The duplicated chromosomes line up alone the equatorial plate of the spindle. At this point, the nuclear membrane is gone.

Light dependent reactions =in the thylakoids.When light strikes chlorophyll, the pigment gets excited and moves to a higher energy state. As it drops to its normal/ ground state), it releases .... in the form of heat/ photons. In a plant, there are .... molecules that help harness that energy as it returns to its ground state = known as electron acceptors.

Overview of Photosyntehsisphotosynthesis= splitting water and making organic compounds using light energy. we must have carbon from the atmosphere, and we collect it as CO2.This is an energy intensive process where the energy comes from the sun. Have two basic components. 1) Harness light energy and 2) Convert CO2 to larger organic molecules.In step 1, take light energy, make into cellular energy. We harness the light energy and use it to ... ATP via photophosphorylation and .....(reduction of NADP+). look very similar to cellular respiration at this point; however, using different molecules and pathways to make the ATP, and .... is different from our NADH+H+ made in cellular respiration.

Plants use light energy and convert it to chemical energy, are autotrophs. The chemical energy that is then used in cellular respiration to make ATP. (PRODUCERS)Animals = heterotrophs and get their chemical energy from other organisms by eating. (CONSUMERS)By product of photosynthesis is ....; therefore, the existence of the efficiency of cellular .... and oxygen requiring organisms is a direct outcome of photosynthesis.Photosynthesis requires ..... of energy, comes from sunlight energy.

CAM plants (separation in space and .....)Separate into mesophyll cells and ... sheath cells. Open stomata only at night, only co2 at night, storing as an .... acid. They can break that down into carbon dioxide during the day, using energy from light reactions and fix the carbon dioxide during the .... when they have stomata closedLike: sugarcane, pineapple in TROPICAL environments

Do photosynthesis in chloroplasts, most of it happening in the thylakoids, another portion does it in the .....Two big parts : 1. Harvesting energy from light, using it to split water and produce oxygen, and create ATP and ...... (light reactions)Light reactions SPLIT WATER to produce oxygen and HARVEST ..... Use that process to generate ATP and NADPHCant ........ ATP, it is a shuttle, thats why we convert to carbohydrates