Cell Biology Questions
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Can you regulate enzymes?Enzymes can be denatured OR inhibited.Denatured = enzyme is ,,,, and can no longer function, can happen with swings in .... and temperature.Inhibited - Can return to function if an .... is removed. Many enzymes also need helper or activator molecules to create the correct shape. These helper molecules are called co-factors and co-enzymes.
Processes with a .... ΔG are spontaneous, and processes with a positive ΔG require an input/ needs energy.............. processes can be harnessed to do workExergonic = spontaneousEndergonic = not spontaneous, need ........ of energy
Cellular Respiration equationC6H12O6 + .... = 6CO2 + ........ + ENERGY (ATP)
One way to help their efficiency is to REDUCE the amount of energy it takes for exergonic reactions to take place, so use enzymes...... are biological catalysts that lower the amount of activation energy (initial energy investment) needed to start a reaction. Enzymes always end in -...., are proteins.They often have really ... 3-dimensional shapes. Theses shapes are most perfect for holding other molecules in very specific sites called active sites. By holding other molecules in place, we can lower the activation energy needed to get a spontaneous reaction to begin.
OXIDIZED MOLECULE = ... agent and the REDUCED MOLECULE = .... agent. The diagram below shows this.
Catabolic reactions = Take chemical energy stored as potential energy in food we eat and convert into ... energy (potential energy for use in body's cell).Matter + energy also .... through the system.
Redox reactions involve the /// of electrons. The relocation of the electrons releases energy stored in organic molecules. This energy can be used to .... ATP.The term redox comes from the oxidation (... of electrons) of one molecule and the reduction (.... of electrons) of another.
ATP = adenosine (an adenosine with ... phosphate, with phosphate bonds have a ,,, amount of energy). So if we hydrolyze (break apart) those bonds into ADP + P, this breaking of bonds liberates energy (=,,,,,)Or opposite ADP + P (requires input on energy) = ATP
When energy is "lost" = can't transform all the potential energy to kinetic energy, because a portion of the energy has been contributed to heat (... energy) and less ordered forms.
Heat is NOT a loss of energy but a conversion into an .... form by the system. It is lost to the car/cell, but it still is energy.
ATP is an ..... energy shuttle, it can couple endergonic and exergonic reactions together)ATP cycles between ATP and ADP, holding or releasing energy. ATP can do chemical work, .... work, mechanical work (change shape of protein).
Free energy (delta G) = determines whether a reaction is .... or requires an input of energy. So if we have an .... of delta g (free energy) = means a reaction will happen spontaneously. Any positive delta G needs an INPUT of energy.
Energy exists in the system as either ....(ability to do work but NOT currently in motion) or kinetic (in motion and doing work). chemical energy = .... energy available for release in a chemical reaction.In general, we say catabolic reactions release energy via breakdown of complex molecules and anabolic reactions require an INPUT of energy to build more complex molecules. Remember that bond BREAKING always requires .....
Two types of Reactions:Endergonic = energy needed reactions to function (more energy in .... than reactants, delta g ..... than 0)Exergonic = it can release energy (for metabolism we want to get the energy from exergonic reactions and use it later for endergonic reactions)Reactants have a GREATER energy than products, delta g .... than 0
-the cell grows -Chromosomes start to duplicate -The cell prepares for mitosis
The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, using the energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient, is an example ofA) active transport.B) an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction.C) a reaction with a positive ΔG .D) osmosis.E) allosteric regulation.
Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?A) lactateB) glyceraldehydes-3-phosphateC) oxaloacetateD) acetyl CoAE) citrate
How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?A) twoB) fourC) sixD) eightE) ten
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvateA) two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced.B) two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced.C) four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced.D) two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced.E) six molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced.
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + EnergyA) C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.B) O2 is oxidized and H2O is reduced.C) CO2 is reduced and O2 is oxidized.D) C6H12O6 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.E) O2 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.