- A patient suffering from sickle cell disease is put on an intravenous (IV) drip containing Na+ at a concentration of 39mmol/L to help alleviate the symptoms from the misshaped red blood cells. The patient's red blood cells have an intracellular Na+ concentration of 154mmol/L. Osmosis will cause:- Water to move into the cell- Na+ to move into the cell- Water to move out of the cell- Na+ to move out of the cell
- Which statement correctly describes the transport process used by the sodium/glucose exchanger?- ATP is invested as Na moves down its concentration gradient- ATP is invested as glucose moves against its concentration gradient- Glucose moves both down & up its concentration gradient- Na + enters the cell w/o direct ATP input
- A recent study by Zynda et al. (2015) demonstrates enhanced immune cell activation when cells are exposed to fever-like temp conditions (39.5°C) vs normal body temp (37°C). What is the most likely explanation for this result?- It increased membrane fluidity which permitted spontaneous transverse migration of phospholipids across the membrane- It increased membrane fluidity which allowed transmembrane signaling mlc's to locate co-stimulatory mlc's- It decreased membrane fluidity which slowed paracellular diffusion- It decreased membrane fluidity which prevented the formation of lipid rafts
- What kind of membrane protein is the insulin receptor?- Peripheral- Transmembrane
- Distance entre l'oculaire et son foyer objet/image
- Match the following solutes with their membrane permeability status.(Impermeable or Permeable)(IMPERMEABLE - anything that's NOT liquid or gas; nonporous Ex: brick [materials CANNOT pass thru it]) (PERMEABLE - anything that IS liquid & gas; porous Ex: cloth [materials CAN pass thru it])- Carbon Dioxide (Co2)- Fructose- Testosterone- Calcium (Ca^2+)
- Which statement best describes paracrine signaling?- A cell secretes a signaling ligand that binds to the same cell's receptor- A cell secretes a signaling ligand that binds to a neighboring cell's receptor- A cell secretes a signaling ligand that is transported thru the blood stream to a distant location to bind a cell's receptor
- Which of the following is a consequence of the Fluid Mosaic Model of membrane dynamics?- Association of peripheral membrane proteins at the plasma membrane- Presence of glycosylated lipids & proteins- Ability to form lipid rafts- Transport of ions across the plasma membrane
- The bacterium Vibrio cholera secretes cholera toxin that binds to the Gα subunit of the G Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR), a type of metabotropic receptor. This will initiate the "mlc'lar switch" to lock Gα into its active conformation. As a result, downstream signaling cascades are hyperactive leading to excessive cAMP production & CTFR (calcium ion channel) stimulation which permits the flow of Cl- & H2O out of the cell. As a result, individuals who contract Vibrio cholera suffer from watery diarrhea. Based on your knowledge of metabotropic receptors, channel receptors, & osmosis, postulate a therapeutic intervention that would eliminate symptoms of a Vibrio cholera infection.
- v-SNAREs participate in which process?- Mvt of vesicles from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane- Glycosylation of newly synthesized proteins- Docking & fusion of a vesicle to the target membrane- Packaging of similar secretory proteins into a vesicle
- While both signaling mechanisms occur between two neighboring cells, there are distinct differences in their speed and functionality. Paracrine signaling will occur more slowly as a signaling molecule must be secreted from one cell, diffuse in the extracellular space, and bind to its appropriate receptor on the target cell. Once reception occurs, it will also take some time for transduction and response to ultimately take place. Gap junctions will provide a much quicker response as it involves the direct movement of small molecules and ions between two cells for an immediate effect on the target cell.
- Name the type of economy in which families produce only enough food, shelter, and clothing to satisfy their own needs.
- Australia's ______ has been a historically isolated and undeveloped region. due to changing economic patterns, such as introduction of _____, travel is now possible today on one road that crosses the entire region.
- Which geographic factor dominates most cultures of the region?
- the bahamas could lose up to ___ of their land area due to sea levels rising
- What type of transport process moves solutes against their concentration gradients?- Passive- Active- Bulk flow- Facilitated
- Ubiquitin is added to proteins for this purpose:- Aid in proper folding- Send them to the cell surface for secretion- Send them to a proteasome for degradation- Send them to a lysosome for degradation
- What is the correct order of the central dogma of genetics?- DNA → Protein → mRNA- DNA → mRNA → Protein- Protein → DNA → mRNA- DNA → tRNA → Protein- DNA → mRNA → tRNA → Protein
- Kinesin requires ATP hydrolysis in order to propel its movement along the microtubule. If the ATP binding site was misfolded, it could cause one of two possibilities to occur: 1. ATP binds but cannot be hydrolyzed. 2. ATP cannot bind at all. In either case, the consequence is the same in that the motor protein will not move and protein cargo within the endomembrane system will not be delivered beyond the Golgi apparatus.
- Metatropic receptor signaling requires reception, transduction, and response; the addition of the transduction step could slow the process a bit. The responses can be relatively quick by way of modifying existing protein behavior, but it also requires the lengthy process of de novo gene expression to complete most responses. The Ionotropic receptor signaling is very rapid as ions are able to move across the membrane immediately upon receptor stimulation. The ion flow generates an immediate response. Nuclear receptor signaling may seem faster than metabotropic at first because it only uses reception and response steps. However, nuclear signaling accomplishes its response primarily through de novo gene expression, which is a lengthy process.