Medicine Questions
Explore questions in the Medicine category that you can ask Spark.E!
Hypercalcemia or Hypocalcemia etiology examples?- Hyperparathyroidism- Acute and chronic renal failure- Malignant tumors secreting parathyroid hormone-related protein (breast, lung, kidney NHL, HL)- Hypercalcemia of malignancy- Granulomatous disease (TB, sarcoidosis)- Vitamin D excess- Multiple myeloma- Diuretics (thiazides)- Milk alkali syndrome- Paget disease of bone- Medications (antacids, lithium)
Appropriate labs:- Tests should be performed only if they will _____ the patient's diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, or management- It is important to incorporate the patient's medical _____, history of present illness, medications, risk factors, immunizations, etc.
Which laboratory test is most useful in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis?
Hyperkalemia or Hypokalemia etiology examples?- Extracellular shift: acidosis, drugs (succinylcholine, radiocontrast, B2-adrenergic antagonists)- Inadequate excretion: ACE inhibitors, ARBS, spironolactone, amiloride, trimethoprim, CHF, volume depletion, diabetic nephropathy, AKI/CKD, NSAIDs, COX2 inhibitors, beta-blockers SLE, Addison's
What is the maximum rate of correcting hyponatremia?
What are the 8 laboratory tests that are part of the Basic Metabolic Panel?
Sensitivity or Specificity?- Ability of the test to correctly detect those who do not have the disease - Proportion of patients without disease (defined by gold standard) who have a negative test- Positive result in a highly specific test is useful for ruling in disease (rarely positive in healthy individuals)
AST elevation in a 2:1 (AST:ALT) pattern suggests what disease?
What are the 2 laboratory tests that measure renal function?
Specificity:- Test with a very high _____ when _____ helps rule _____ disease
Hyperkalemia or Hypokalemia etiology examples?- Decreased intake: starvation- Redistribution into cells: metabolic alkalosis, insulin, hypothermia, B2-adrenergic agonists, alpha-adrenergic agonists,increased B2 adrenergic sympathetic activity (MI, TBI)- Increased loss: GI loss, vomiting sweat, hyperaldosteronism, diabetic ketoacidosis, magnesium deficiency
What is the clinical importance of measuring Na+ in the Basic Metabolic Panel?
All of the following are possible errors during which laboratory testing phase?- Delay in communication- Results not communicated to the correct person- Failure to review, or act, on a result- Incorrect results communicated- Misinterpretation of the result
What are the 4 key indicators of laboratory test reliability and stability for clinical use?
Accuracy or Precision?- Ability of the test to actually measure what it claims to measure ("trueness")- Proportion of all test results (both positive and negative) that are correct
Sensitivity:- Test with a very high _____ when _____ helps rule _____ disease
Accuracy or Precision?- Ability of the test to reproduce the same result when repeated on the same patient or sample ("repeatability")
Accuracy calculation:- (_____ _____ + _____ _____) / Total
The following are examples of which principle of laboratory medicine?- Consideration needs to be given to questions of clinical validation, specimen stability, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values, analytic accuracy and precision, and relative costs- As new tests are introduced, it is essential that they be evaluated critically before adoption for clinical use- Troponins replaced the use of creatine kinase, which was used to identify ACS in the 1980s
Specificity calculation: - True _____ / (True _____ + False _____)