Genetics Questions
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You have sampled a population of toads over three years for the BrrP locus. The first year, you calculated these allele frequencies: B = 0.75 and b = 0.25. The second year, you determined that B = 0.66 and b = 0.34. What can you conclude from these data?a. This toad population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and not all of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg law are valid for it.b. This toad population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and not all of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg law are valid for it.c. This toad population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and all of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg law are valid for it.d. This toad population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and all of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg law are valid for it.
Microsatellites are powerful loci for population genetic analysis for what reason?a. The number of alleles at a microsatellite is often very large.b. Microsatellites have a low mutation rate.c. Microsatellites have a lower level of variation.d. There are a minimal number of microsatellites in most genomes.
Inbreeding violates the random mating assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg law. Which of these represents the inbreeding modification for heterozygotes using the Hardy-Weinberg law?a. q2 + 2pqFb. p2 + 2pqFc. p2 − 2pqFd. 2pq − 2pqF
The principles of population genetics can be used to address issues in several fields. Which of these is NOT an example of this?a. determining protein interactions using a yeast two-hybrid systemb. evaluating inbreeding depression in zoo populationsc. identifying the likely source of DNA left at crime scenesd. calculating the risk of having an offspring with an inherited genetic disease
Migration can cause LD when one subpopulation possesses only the _____ haplotype and another only the _____ haplotype.a. Ab; aBb. aB; abc. AB; abd. AB; Ab
A fluorescently labeled primer that matches the _____ of a microsatellite can be used to determine the lengths of an individual's alleles.a. flanking sequencesb. promoter sequencec. internal regiond. repeated region
Which of these is NOT an advantage of self-pollination?a. If an individual plant has a beneficial combination of alleles at different loci, inbreeding preserves that combination.b. When a single seed is dispersed to a new location, the plant that grows from the seed has a ready mate—itself.c. The stigma of an S1/S2 heterozygote will not allow pollen grains carrying either an S1 or S2 allele to germinate and fertilize its ovules.d. Self-pollination can be accomplished more easily than outcrossing.
Which of these statements is TRUE?a. If a population demonstrates positive assortative mating, then this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.b. Certain plant species exhibit disassortative mating to prevent self-fertilization and to bring genetic diversity to a population.c. As humans preferentially tend to mate with individuals carrying the same MHC haplotypes, humans are great examples of organisms that demonstrate only positive assortative mating.d. Disassortative mating is unique to prokaryotes and plants; no case of disassortative mating has ever been documented in mammals.
Directional selection can be either _____ or _____.a. positive; purifyingb. positive; negativec. purifying; pollutingd. polluting; negative
Using the equation for balanced mutation and drift, what is the equilibrium value of heterozygosity for a population of 10,000 with a mutation rate of 4 × 10−8?a. 16.0b. 0.0160c. 0.00160d. 1.60
A researcher is studying chipmunk populations inhabiting different parks in the same city. She notices that one chipmunk population appears to share many alleles with other populations from different parks. In other words, this particular chipmunk population demonstrates a rich genetic ancestry. This is an example of:a. genetic admixture.b. inbreeding depression.c. negative assortative mating.d. a discovery panel.
All of these are single nucleotide polymorphisms found in exons, EXCEPT:a. synonymous.b. nonsynonymous.c. nonsense.d. noncoding.
Calculating the risk of having an offspring with an inherited genetic disease incorporates information on:a. genotypes of unaffected individuals in a pedigree.b. desegregation of alleles.c. genotypes of affected individuals in a pedigree.d. allele frequencies in a population.
Which of these statements about microsatellites is TRUE?a. If you were to compare the microsatellites in several generations of the same family, you would find that all individuals have the same alleles. This is because microsatellites have low mutation rates.b. Microsatellites are primarily found in coding regions of DNA (exons); microsatellites rarely occur in noncoding DNA and introns.c. Discovering microsatellite loci in the genome of a species is done by performing a computer search of its complete genomic sequence.d. Microsatellites typically consist of repeating stretches of 10 base-pair sequences; microsatellites composed of shorter repeating sequences are very rare and not normally found in the genome.
In a large population, the average inbreeding coefficient will increase very slowly over time. However, in a small population, the inbreeding coefficient can increase rapidly. In a population of 10 having an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.1, calculate the average inbreeding coefficient of the next generation.a. 0.1b. 0.5c. 0.145d. 0.95
Which of these statements about single nucleotide polymorphisms is TRUE?a. All human SNPs were identified by comparing the genomes of two individuals, one from South America and one from Asia.b. A researcher who wanted to determine all of the SNPs in his or her genome could use a DNA microarray.c. All SNPs always demonstrate four alleles; unlike microsatellites, SNPs never have only two or three alleles.d. Only SNPs in coding regions of DNA can be used as genetic markers.
Selection can take several forms that affect genetic variation in different ways. Match the types of selection with the correct phrase.1. positive selection2. purifying selection3. balancing selectiona. increases the frequency of an advantageous alleleb. maintains a high frequency of an allele by selectingc. different alleles are maintained in the population
The first farmers placed domesticated populations through a _____. As a consequence, crop plants and domesticated animals typically have _____ genetic variation than their wild progenitors.a. bottleneck; moreb. genetic admixture; morec. genetic admixture; lessd. bottleneck; less
A scientist is studying four haplotypes in chickens_____: ST, St, sT, and st. He determines these allele frequencies: pS = 0.3, ps = 0.7, pT = 0.8, and pt = 0.2. If the S and T loci are in linkage equilibrium, what will be the frequency of the st haplotype?a. 0.24b. 0.56c. 0.14d. 0.06
A researcher has identified a new single nucleotide polymorphism in an intron of a rabbit gene. Despite the presence of this SNP, the rabbit appears to be phenotypically normal. The researcher has likely isolated a new _____ SNP.a. synonymousb. nonsensec. silentd. nonsynonymous