New combinations of linked genes are due to which of the following?a.nondisjunction d.mixing of sperm and eggb.crossing over e.both A and C c.independent assortmentDuring translation, chain elongation continues until what happens?a.No further amino acids are needed by the cellb.All tRNAs are emptyc.The polypeptide is long enoughd.A stop codon is encounterede.The ribosomes run off the end of mRNAAs a ribosome translocates along an mRNA molecule by one codon, which of the following occurs?a.The tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P siteb.The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the A sitec.The tRNA that was in the P site moves to the E site and is releasedd.The tRNA that was in the A site departs from the ribosomee.Both A and C are correctWhat is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene? a.It changes an amino acid in the encoded proteinb.It has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded proteinc.It introduces a stop codon into the mRNAd.It alters the reading frame of the mRNAe.It prevents introns from being expressedThe reason that linked genes are inherited together is thata.they are located on the same chromosomeb.the number of genes in a cell is greater than the number of chromosomesc.chromosomes are unbreakabled.alleles are pairede.genes align that way during metaphase I. When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result? a.The involved gene was on the X chromosomeb.The involved gene was on the Y chromosomec.The involved gene was on an autosomed.Other male-specific factors influence eye color in fliese.Other female-specific factors influence eye color in fliesWhat is the mechanism for the production of genetic recombinants?a.X inactivationb.methylation of cytosinec.crossing over and independent assortmentd.nondisjunctione.deletions and duplications during meiosisMales are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females becausea.males are hemizygous for the X chromosomeb.male hormones such as testosterone often exacerbate the effects of mutations on the X chromosomec.female hormones such as estrogen often compensate for the effects of mutations on the Xd.X chromosomes in males generally have more mutations than X chromosomes in femalese.mutations on the Y chromosome often exacerbate the effects of X-linked mutationsThere is good evidence for linkage whena.two genes occur together in the same gameteb.a gene is associated with a specific phenotypec.two genes work together to control a specific characteristicd.genes do not segregate independently during meiosise.two characteristics are caused by a single geneBlack fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of the cross BbTt × BBtt will have black fur and long tails?a.1/16 d.1/2b.3/16 e.9/16c.3/8What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate?a.The two genes likely are located on different chromosomesb.All of the offspring have combinations of traits that match one of the two parentsc.The genes are located on sex chromosomesd.Abnormal meiosis has occurrede.Independent assortment is hinderedHow would one explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies in which more parental-type offspring than recombinant-type offspring are produced?a.The two genes are linkedb.The two genes are unlinkedc.Recombination did not occur in the cell during meiosisd.The testcross was improperly performede.Both of the characters are controlled by more than one geneThe frequency of crossing over between any two linked genes isa.higher if they are recessiveb.different between males and femalesc.determined by their relative dominanced.the same as if they were not linkede.proportional to the distance between themWhich of the following two genes are closest on a genetic map of Drosophila?a.b and vg d.cn and bb.vg and cn e.b and rbc.rb and cnA frameshift mutation could result froma.a base insertion onlyb.a base deletion onlyc.a base substitution onlyd.deletion of three consecutive basese.either an insertion or a deletion of a baseWhich of the following statements is (are) true?a.The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between themb.The observed frequency of recombination of two genes that are far apart from each other has a maximum value of 50%c.Two of the traits that Mendel studied-seed color and flower color-are linked on the same chromosomed.Only B and C are correcte.A, B, and C are correcta cross AaBbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC?a.1/4 d.1/32b.1/8 e.1/64c.1/16When crossing a homozygous recessive with a heterozygote, what is the chance of getting an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?a.0% d.75%b.25% e.100%c.50%Where is eukaryotic ribosomal RNA transcribed?a.the Golgi apparatusb.ribosomesc.the nucleolusd.X chromosomese.prokaryotic cells onlyAll of the following are directly involved in translation excepta.mRNAb.tRNAc.ribosomesd.DNAe.aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes
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