Cognitive Psychology Questions

are a form of episodic memory of a persons life experiences

1. serial position effect 2. primacy effect 3. regency effect 4. info that is in the middle of a list is less likely to be forgotten if it is extremely valid or unusual

is better recall for info at the beginning of a list

occurs when info that has been retained in long-term memory is taken out of storage

a. hippocampus = temporal lobes in cerebral cortex and other parts involved in limbic system are involved in explicit memories b. left frontal lobe is more active in encoding , while right frontal lobe is more active in retrieval c. amygdala = plays role in emotional memoriesd. cerebellum is involved in the implicit memories required perform various skills e.neuroscientists have greatly benefited from the use of fMRI, which allows them to track neutral activity during cognitive tasks

a. researchers today believe that memories are located in specific sets or circuits of neurons (Ardiel& Rankin, Clark & Squire). Squire says that most memories are probably clustered in groups of about 1,000 neurons b. researchers also discovered that when brain chemicals such as neurotransmitters are released in sea slugs, triggering memories. process might be same in humans

is a preexisting mental concept which helps us organize and interpret new info

meaning that info is incorporated into the correct region of memory

organizing and storing information from general to specific

a. chunking and rehearsal are two ways to improve short-term emery.:chunking- involves grouping amounts of info larger than 7 bits +2 or -2 of memory span into higher-order single units :rehearsal- involves repeating info over and over again a way to remember it (better for brief info and not Long term)

most people can hold about 7 bits +2 or -2 of info in short-term memory

a. implicit memory is also known as non declarative memory, behavior is affected by prior experience w out conscious memory of the experience b. one subsystem of implicit memory is known as procedural memory c. another subsystem of implicit memory is called classical conditioning d. 3rd subsystem is priming (person is able to learn this new info faster and better)

this type of memory involves the automatic association between stimuli

also known as declarative memory, is a the of memory for specific facts or events and info that can be verbally communicated

Is a type of explicit memory, it stores info about where, what and when info is occurring. pertains to a persons life

a type of memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience w out conscious memory of the experience

1. sensory memory holds info that is taken from environmental stimuli (held in sensory memory for 1 or 2 seconds)2. we process info in sensory memory than we consciously notice 3. info is sensory memory is picked up by a persons senses 4. Echoic memory 5. iconic memory 6. George sperling conducted the first type of research on iconic memory. He found that people could remember 9 letters that the flashed on a screen, but iconic memory was too brief causing them to only recall half of them.

occurs when we recognize the stimulus and give it a name

1. some of the info to which a person attends in transferred from sensory memory into short-term memory 2. info is held in short term memory for about 30 seconds 3. most people can hold about 7 bits +2 for -2 of information in short-term memory, memory span 4.chunking and rehearsal A

1. permanent memory store base 2. vitally unlimited amount of space for long-term memory storage 3. consider the effect that technology and the internet have on our memory 4. explicit memory a. explicit memory (verbally communicated)b. Harry Bahrick found that any forgotten info from explicit memory is forgotten within the first 3 years after the memory was stored, after that the forgetting leveled off c. gradual learning is the key to permanent memory storage. if info is learned and noted over time, better chance of it remind explicit memory d. episodic memory is type of explicit memory e. semantic memory is 2nd type of explicit memory f. many explicit or decorative memories are nether purely episodic nor purely semantic -Tulving argues that episodic and semantic systems often work together in formatting new memories