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- Each king had to be approved by the pope (Divine Right of Kings— started 800 AD with Charlamagne, the pope needs to place the crown in coronation to show the power from God to the pope to the king)
- Calvin was enraged by criticism. Once, he encountered a poster on his lectern, which accused him of hypocrisy. The suspect was beaten and tortured senselessly until a confession was made, and he was met with the punishment of having his feet nailed to a wooden stake, and his head decapitated.
- What battle in Arkansas got its name from a Church?
- Henry claimed that the dispensation of his marriage to Catherine, his older brother's widow, was illegal. It was English law that one mustn't marry their brother's wife, for no children would come from the union, and in this case, the law was true. Catherine bore no heirs for Henry, which he used as another reason for the annulment.
- Johannes Gutenberg Gensfleisch. The first thing he printed was the Bible
- ___________ won the Mexican-American War.
- Life in Geneva was incredibly strict. Dancing, singing, music, feasting, makeup, jewelry, relics, and many more activities and items were banned and scorned by law. Calvin banned anything considered fun or entertaining. His teachings became the teaching of the Puritans later on.
- His theory stated that the world was not an unmoving disk in which the sun and the cosmos rotated around—which everyone believed—but it was in motion and orbited on an axis around the sun. Pope Leo X reacted to this theory by encouraging Copernicus and his work, as he himself was a humanist.
- He was left-handed, he wrote backwards, and he talked about his work instead of keeping it quiet like Copernicus had.
- The ruthlessness of the Hsiung-Nu (Huns), who were warriors trained specifically to ruthlessly kill. They fought for 8 years with the help of thousands of Goths and many freed Roman slaves
- Renaissance is defined as a period of rebirth, where there was increased artistic and intellectual activity, or more specifically, the European movement lasting from the 14th to the 17th century in which literature, the arts, and science flourished.
- Saints were created out of thoughts and ideas, and they were never mentioned by Jesus. Also, Christians worshipped their images, knelt before them, prayed through saints, and gave them an area to specialize in (sickness, protection, etc.).
- He was excommunicated by Gregory VII because of a continuous battle over who could appoint bishops. The rulers of the Holy Roman Empire wanted to control the lay men, and so did the pope, so there was an argument over who was "in charge"
- It is born from the belief that martyrs of the Christian faith would be able to intercede for those on earth from heaven. They were respected and idolized, but not worshipped.
- It was realistically not an empire, not holy, and not Roman. It was composed of 20 million Europeans and was centered in Germany and over 300 bordering states under its rule, such as France, England, and Wales
- Which sentence contains a participle?a. The whole frustrating experience can be blamed on poor planning.b. Although studying may seem tedious, it fosters great results.c. The park prohibits everyone from skateboarding on weekends.d. Great cunning was required to make the surprise party feasible.
- It had fallen apart years before and was not taken seriously any longer. Many priests, monks, and other religious men had multiple mistresses, children, and affairs.
- Henry's penance was spending three days and nights kneeling in submission in the snowy ground. This was effective at first, as he was granted absolution, but Henry turned on the pope and continued his attack, so he was faced with a second excommunication.
- Indulgences were a way of buying salvation and forgiveness to reduce punishment for crimes and sins committed. They were used so criminals could choose between facing punishment or paying fines to erase their penalty.
- Catholics were supposed to be kind and merciful, but much of the violence happening during this age was from devout Christians