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Which statement is true of an action potential?A) The sodium channels are opened at a lower voltage than are potassium channels.B) An action potential requires 5 msec for completion.C) During an action potential, the interior becomes even more negative.D) The potassium channels are opened at a lower voltage than are sodium channels.The force of diffusion would tend to move __________ ions __________ the axon.A) chloride; out ofB) sodium; intoC) potassium; intoD) sodium; out ofThe specialized pores located in the axon membrane that open or close are termed __________.A) receptorsB) voltage transportersC) autoreceptorsD) ion channelsWhich of the following events restores the membrane potential from the peak of the action potential back to the resting level?A) Sodium ions move into the cell.B) Potassium ions move out of the cell.C) Potassium ions move into the cell.D) Chloride ions move into the cell.Which of the following is a consequence of the activity of the sodium-potassium transporters?A) Extracellular sodium concentrations are kept low.B) Intracellular sodium concentrations are kept very high.C) Extracellular potassium concentrations are kept very high.D) Intracellular sodium concentrations are kept low.The interior of a neuron at rest __________.A) is positively charged relative to the outsideB) is at the same voltage potential as the outsideC) has the same ionic concentrations as the outsideD) is negatively charged relative to the outsideWhat did the Republican parties nomination of Ulysses grant for the president in 1868 signifyAll of the following were a part of a new legion of white-collar workers at the turn-of-the-century exceptThe membrane voltage level at which an action potential is triggered is termed the __________.A) refractory periodB) hyperpolarization eventC) threshold of excitationD) rate levelMarianela takes a huge drink of her coffee, assuming that it is at a tolerable temperature, and the heat sears her mouth. Although the pain is so great that her reflex is to spit out the coffee, she does not do so. The reflex to spit out the coffee is inhibited at the __________.A) sensory neuronB) interneuronC) motor neuronD) glial cellThe process by which molecules are evenly distributed throughout a medium is __________.A) retrograde transportB) diffusionC) anterograde transportD) electrostatic pressureWhich best describes hyperpolarization?A) a move from -70 mV to 0 mVB) an action potentialC) a move from -70 mV to -75 mVD) an increase in positive charge within the cellMarinela takes a huge drink of her coffee, assuming that it is at a tolerable temperature, and the heat sears her mouth. Although the pain is so great that her reflex is to spit out the coffee, she does not do so. In this case, what causes the inhibition at the motor neuron?A) sensory neuronB) interneuronC) motor neuronD) glial cellWhat labor system for the former salves developed soon after plantation owners reclaimed their land after the civil war?An electrical charge applied to an axon that moves the membrane potential from -70 mV to -45 mV will result in a(n) __________.A) action potentialB) postsynaptic potentialC) downward shift of the threshold of excitationD) upward shift of the membrane thresholdMovement of the axon membrane potential from -90 mV to -80 mV would be termed __________.A) depolarizationB) threshold potentialC) action potentialD) hyperpolarizationA node of Ranvier is created by __________.A) the junction between a Schwann cell and an oligodendrocyteB) the junction between a pre- and postsynaptic neuronC) the gap between separate pieces of myelin, formed either by oligodendrocytes or Schwann cellsD) the gap between separate pieces of myelin, but only for the oligodendrocytesWhich of the following cells are important for the immune system reaction to brain damage?A) Schwann cellsB) phagocytesC) astrocytesD) microgliaWhen adding sugar to a hot cup of tea, the sugar dissolves and the sugar molecules spread themselves out in the liquid. In biological terms, this effect would be __________.A) ionic statusB) electrostatic forceC) diffusionD) ionic movementThe process in which substances are transported from the soma to the terminal buttons at the end of the axon is referred to as ______________.A) retrograde somatoplasmic transportB) anterograde somatoplasmic transportC) anterograde axoplasmic transportD) retrograde axoplasmic transport
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