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During this time period, Southern states began threatening to formally withdraw from the United States. What term means to formally withdraw?Terrible drought in the Great Plains caused the region to become a ____Which of the following ion channel events will reliably produce an IPSP, regardless of the current level of the membrane potential?A) opening a sodium channelB) losing a potassium channelC) opening a potassium channelD) opening a chloride channelWhich statement is true of synapses?A) Synapses only occur between presynaptic terminal buttons and postsynaptic dendrites.B) Synapses can occur between presynaptic terminal buttons and postsynaptic dendrites, somas, or axons.C) The synaptic cleft contains fluid that mirrors the intracellular fluid of the cell.D) Terminal buttons include ribosomes and mitochrondria.Which of the following is an advantage associated with myelination?A) Myelin changes the height of the action potential.B) Myelin increases the energy requirements of the nerve cell.C) Myelin slows down conduction speed.D) Myelin speeds up axon conduction speed.Cation is to anion as __________.A) transport is to diffusionB) positive is to negativeC) diffusion is to transportD) negative is to positiveRead the thesis statement below and answer the question that follows. The city budget should be spent on limiting pollution. How can this thesis statement be improved?Intracellular is to extracellular as __________.A) positively charged is to negatively chargedB) -70 mV is to 70 mVC) negatively charged is to positively chargedD) -70 mV is to 40 mVRead the sentence below and complete the instruction that follows. Requiring that students wear uniforms is a bad idea. Refine and polish this sentence into a well-worded thesis statement.The process by which similarly charged particles repel each other and are thus distributed throughout a medium is termed __________.A) diffusionB) carrier-mediated transportC) refractionD) electrostatic pressureThe process that terminates the postsynaptic potentials induced by acetylcholine is __________.A) disruption of the postsynaptic receptorB) enzymatic deactivation via AChEC) inhibition of ACh synthesisD) facilitation of ACh releaseNeuromodulators __________.A) are rarely of a peptide formB) are secreted from a neuron and only affect an adjacent neuronC) are inevitably inhibitoryD) are secreted from neurons but dispersed widely in the brainThe process that terminates the postsynaptic potentials induced by most neurotransmitters is __________.A) disruption of the postsynaptic receptorB) enzymatic degradation of the transmitter moleculeC) inhibition of transmitter synthesisD) reuptake of the molecule into the axon terminalWhich pairing of receptor type and action is correct?A) metabotropic; direct opening of an ion channelB) ionotropic; more time required to open an ion channelC) metabotropic; G-protein activation leads to activation of a second messengerD) metabotropic; second messenger effects are specific to opening ion channelsNeuromodulators __________.A) have a lipid structureB) directly elicit postsynaptic potentialsC) are usually found in small dense-core vesicles in terminal buttonsD) diffuse widely to affect many neuronsSaltatory conduction is rapid because __________.A) the action potential does not have to depolarize every segment of the axon membraneB) myelinated axons are larger in diameterC) myelinated cells have more ion channels per unit area than do non-myelinated cellsD) myelinated fibers have a lower threshold of activationWhich of the following will "neutralize" the effect of an EPSP?A) further opening a sodium channelB) allowing intracellular anions to leave the cellC) closing a potassium channelD) opening a chloride channelIf Cell A and Cell B generate EPSPs in Cell C, and Cell D generates an IPSP in Cell C, what is the likely result?A) Cell D fires an action potential.B) Cell C does not fire an action potential.C) Cell C fires an action potential.D) Cell D experiences a hyperpolarizationMost __________ are secreted into the extracellular fluid from endocrine glands or tissues.A) neurotransmittersB) neuropeptidesC) modulatorsD) hormonesAutoreceptors __________.A) are sensitive to the presence of neuropeptides in the synapseB) control the release of calcium ions from the axon terminalC) mostly facilitate neuron functionD) are metabotropic in nature
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