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Some polymers are disposed of by incineration. Ignoring any economic considerations, explain why incineration is not a suitable method for the disposal of poly(chloroethene). (2)Continued:While the mixture was heating under reflux, the student noticed a small amount of a brown vapour was formed. Explain why the brown vapour forms. (2)Give a reason why the test tubes were left in the water bath for five minutes before adding the halogenoalkanes. (1)unsaturated hydrocarbon which contains a carbon-carbon double bond. Its general formula is CnH2n, for example, ethene, C2H4Give the reagents that are used to test that bromide ions are formed in this reaction mixture. Include the result of the test (2)This is a question about halogenoalkanes and related compounds. Explain the trend in reactivity of the primary chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes with aqueous hydroxide ions. (2)Outline the method for a test tube experiment, which expands on the steps in (a), to investigate how the rate of the substitution reaction depends on whether the halogenoalkane is primary, secondary or tertiary.Your experiment should test a series of isomeric bromoalkanes reacting with water. Your plan should include:- the chemicals you will use- an outline of how experiment will be carried out- observations or measurements you will make and how you will interpret them (6)Primary alcohols react very slowly with concentrated hydrochloric acid. State a different reagent for the chlorination of primary alcohols. (1)This experiment is carried out using the bromoalkane dissolved in ethanol and the hydroxide ions dissolved in water.Give a reason why a solution of hydroxide ions dissolved in pure ethanol should not be used. (1)saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2, for example, methane, ethane, and propane1-bromobutane can be prepared from butan-1-ol and hydrogen bromide. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + HBr → CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + H2OHydrogen bromide can be made from sodium bromide and 50% concentrated sulfuric acid. (a) The steps for the preparation of impure 1-bromobutane are summarised.1. Dissolve sodium bromide in distilled water in a pear-shaped flask then add 20.0 cm3 of butan-1-ol.2. Surround flask with an ice bath to COOL MIXTURE, before adding concentrated sulfuric acid drop by drop.3. Remove flask from ice bath + add a few ANTI-BUMPING GRANULES to the reaction mixture.4. Set up apparatus for HEATING UNDER REFLUX. Heat mixture in flask for 30 minutes + leave apparatus to cool.5. Rearrange apparatus for distillation + heat mixture until no more 1-bromobutane distils over.(i) Parts of the method are given in BOLD type in Steps 2, 3 and 4. Give a reason why each of these parts is necessary. (3)Ethanedioic acid, H2C2O4, can be prepared from ethane-1,2-diol. Give the reagents and condition required for this reaction. (2)Ethyl ethanoate can also be formed by reacting ethanol with ethanoyl chloride, CH3COCl.Identify three differences in the esterification reaction when ethanoyl chloride is used instead of ethanoic acid. (3)Alcohol B undergoes an elimination reaction to produce a mixture of but-1-ene and but-2-ene. Molecular formula C4H10O, deduce structure of B, explain why (3)The distillate collected in Step 5 is a mixture consisting of two layers. There is an aqueous layer and a layer containing impure 1-bromobutane.Step 7 Wash the impure 1-bromobutane with concentrated hydrochloric acid in the separating funnel. Remove the aqueous layer.Step 8 Add aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate to the impure 1-bromobutane in the separating funnel.Step 9 Shake the mixture in the separating funnel and, from time to time, invert the funnel and open the tap.Step 10 - Collect the 1-bromobutane layer from Step 9 in a small conical flask.- Add anhydrous sodium sulfate and swirl the flask until the liquid becomes clear.Step 11 Decant the 1-bromobutane into a clean pear-shaped flask and redistil it. Measure the volume of 1-bromobutane produced Give the reasons for carrying out Steps 8, 9 and 10. (3)LiAlH4 is a source of hydride ions, H-Give a possible reason why LiAlH4 cannot be used to reduce alkenes (1)Why do compounds with -OH functional groups is likely to have a higher BP than hydrocarbons of similar molecular shape and mass (2)Give the reagent and condition required to convert ethane into chloroethane. (1)what happens if a polar hydrocarbon is symetrical?what intermolecular forces exist in covalent molecules and monotomic gases?
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