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21) René Descartes would be most comfortable with which statement?A) The universe is a mental construction.B) The body is a hallucination generated by the mind.C) The body is made of matter; the mind is not.D) the brain serves to cool the passions of the heart.20) René Descartes argued that __________.A) the mind is an emerging property of organization of the brainB) only humans are capable of reflexive behaviorsC) the brain acts to cool the passions of the heartD) animals are mechanical devices whose behavior is controlled by environmental stimuli25) A reflex is considered to be a(n) __________ movement elicited by an __________.A) involuntary; external stimulusB) voluntary; internal stimulusC) conscious; external stimulusD) unconscious; internal stimulus24) Julian believes that there is a distinction between the mind and the body, that the mind is somehow made of a different substance or matter than the rest of the body. His belief would best fit with that of __________.A) monismB) reductionismC) dualismD) pluralism28) Galvani's experiment involving a frog leg proved that __________.A) the heart is the organ that controls emotionsB) the muscles are activated by electrical nerve signalsC) unlike animals, human bodies do not possess reflexesD) a reflex is a process controlled by the mind23) According to René Descartes, __________.A) the heart is the organ that controls emotionsB) the muscles are activated by electrical signals carried by nervesC) nerves carry electrical messages that contract musclesD) the mind controls the movements of the body22) Which statement best describes the view of the relationship between mind and body held by René Descartes?A) Mind and body are identical.B) The mind is the residue when the brain is formed.C) One brain gives rise to many minds.D) The mind and body are separate but linked.27) Luigi Galvani removed a nerve and its attached muscle fibers from a frog and showed that __________ of the nerve caused __________ of the muscle.A) electrical stimulation; relaxationB) electrical stimulation; contractionC) chemical stimulation; contractionD) chemical stimulation; relaxation29) Which statement is consistent with Galvani's experiment?A) The brain contains air-filled chambers.B) Nerves are filled with air and exert a vacuum pressure.C) Muscles make up the mind.D) Electrical stimulation of a nerve can evoke contraction of a muscle, even when the nerve has been disconnected from the rest of the body.16) Five-year-old Gemma exclaims, "My brain makes me feel sad or happy!" Which philosopher would agree?A) AristotleB) GalenC) HippocratesD) Plato18) A primary difference between Aristotle and Hippocrates was that __________.A) Aristotle attributed thought and emotion to the brainB) Hippocrates attributed thought to the brain instead of the heartC) Hippocrates attributed thought and emotion to the brainD) Aristotle felt that humors (bodily fluids) cooled the passions of the heart17) Which statement about brain function would be most likely made by Aristotle?A) The mind acts through neurogenesis to control the body.B) The brain serves to cool the passions of the heart.C) The brain is the seat of emotion but not thought.D) The brain routes sensory information to the heart.14) Modern neuroscience would best be characterized as __________.A) dualisticB) monisticC) generalisticD) reductionistic15) Ancient Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese cultures viewed the __________ as the seat of thought and emotions.A) gutB) heartC) brainD) the blood19) The Greek scholar __________ dissected and studied the brains of cattle, sheep, dogs, and apes.A) AristotleB) GalenC) HippocratesD) DescartesWhat enzyme catalyses glucose to glucose-6-phosphate1) In the past, many scientists believed the old adage, "You can't teach an old dog new tricks," because they assumed that neurons cannot be generated past a certain age. Recent research, however, suggests that __________ is less limited than previously thought.A) neurogenesisB) connectionismC) neural migrationD) brain growthHow much biomass from each trophic level is transferred to the level above it?Is some energy to create ATP produced in glycolysisWhy does the chemical industry encourage processes with high atom economies?
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