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a linear molecule of beta glucose joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds and hydrogen bonds
the most basic level of protein folding, held together by hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and the amino groups in the polypeptide backboneBONDS PRESENT: PEPTIDE BONDS, HYDROGEN BONDS
a highly branched molecule of alpha glucose joined by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
the simplest unit of a carbohydrate with the formula (CH2O)n
sucrose (glucose & fructose)lactose (glucose & galactose)maltose (glucose & glucose)
the intermolecular force between water molecules is hydrogen bonding which results from the polarity (the uneven distribution of charge) between a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and a slightly negatively charged adjacent oxygen atom
long chains of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds
an asymmetrical molecule with differing electronegativity in its bonds, therefore its dipoles do not cancel out
each carbon atom has a specific place in the glucose ring, the numbers refer to which carbon in the molecules are bonding
a sugar molecule made up of two monosaccharide joined by a glycosidic bond (condensation reaction)
TRANSCRIPTION1. DNA helicase unzips the double stranded helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases so that either strand can be used as a template for the production of an mRNA molecule2. through complementary base pairing, free RNA nucleotides in the nucleus align alongside the DNA template strand and form hydrogen bonds with the bases3. the new nucleotides are joined together through a condensation reaction by RNA polymerase which forms phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides4. the molecule of mRNA detaches from the DNA template and exits the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm5. the two strands of DNA can join and wind back up
it is wrapped around histone proteins which make it to large to exit the nuclear pores
scaffold-like structures that determine the shape and act as a tract for movement
- only one membrane- no nucleus- no membrane bound organelles- cell wall made of peptidoglycan, not cellulose- smaller ribosomes- circular DNA- Genetic information is not surrounded by a membrane- some have flagella- produce ATP in specialised infolded regions of the plasma membrane
- plant cells have a cell wall which is a sieve-like structure made of cellulose- plant cells have a vacuole which is a region of fluid inside the cell that is kept at a constant pressure to maintain cell stability, and therefore structurally support the entire plant
1. the protein made by the ribosomes in the RER is packaged into a vesicle and transported to the Golgi body2. the Golgi body further modifies the protein and packages it into a labelled vesicle to be transported to the cell membrane for secretion3. labelled vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and secrete the protein
responsible for cell movement and contraction during cell division (made of actin)
a network of protein fibres and filaments that facilitate movement within a cell
to regulate the transportation of molecule between the cytoplasm and the nucleus
transportation of proteins from the RER to the Golgi body and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane

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