- The decimation of American buffalo herds in the late nineteenth centuryA. was accelerated by the booming new market for buffalo hide.B. was fostered by the railroad companies.C. destroyed the ability of Plains Indians to resist the advance of white settlers.D. happened almost entirely in the space of two decades.E. All these answers are correct.
- The Indian leader who said, "I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever," wasA. Crazy Horse.B. Sitting Bull.C. Black Kettle.D. Chief Joseph.E. Cochise.
- The Sand Creek Massacre of 1864A. moved Colonel J. M. Chivington to denounce the U.S. Army.B. saw the death of Chief Black Kettle.C. was carried out by George Custer.D. involved the killing of Indian women and children.E. All these answers are correct.
- The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887A. ended the U.S. government's effort to assimilate Indian tribes.B. was designed to force Indians to become landowners and farmers.C. was intended to preserve traditional Indian culture.D. denied U.S. citizenship to landowning Indian adults.E. reaffirmed tribal ownership of western lands in the face of white claims to it.
- The western farmers' first and most burning grievance was againstA. the railroads.B. state governments.C. eastern manufacturers.D. the banks.E. crop speculators.
- The 1876 Battle of Little BighornA. saw the destruction of the entire Seventh Cavalry.B. saw the Sioux united under Sitting Bull and Geronimo.C. marked the start of prolonged warfare in the Dakotas.D. took place in Wyoming.E. was a short-lived Indian victory.
- In the late nineteenth century, the surge of farming settlement in the WestA. spurred the development of massive irrigation projects.B. was composed of mostly settlers who had little to no experience with farming.C. was a result of many factors, but the most important was the railroad.D. was primarily the result of federal subsidies for land ownership.E. was brought to a dramatic halt by a major drought during the 1870s.
- By the mid-1840s, the American WestA. had seen the elimination of nearly all Indian tribes.B. was still an empty, desolate land.C. contained few migrants from the United States.D. closely resembled its popular image.E. was extensively populated.
- The town that reigned as the railhead of the cattle kingdom for many years wasA. Omaha, Nebraska.B. Dallas, Texas.C. Deadwood, South Dakota.D. Sedalia, Missouri.E. Abilene, Kansas.
- Early in 1866, a massive joint cattle drive from Texas to MissouriA. All these answers are correct.B. saw the herds suffer heavy losses.C. both proved that cattle could be driven to distant markets, and established a link to the booming urban markets of the East.D. proved that cattle could be driven to distant markets.E. established a link to the booming urban markets of the East.
- Which Indian chief was murdered during the Civil War after white soldiers tricked him into surrendering?A. WovokaB. Mangas ColoradosC. CochiseD. GeronimoE. Sitting Bull
- In "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," Frederick Jackson Turner claimedA. most of the frontier land was of little practical use for Americans.B. the western wars between whites and Indians were a national disgrace.C. that the end of the "frontier" also marked the end of one of the most important democratizing forces in American life.D. the frontier had repressed individualism, nationalism, and democracy in America.E. the United States should expand its northern and southern borders into Canada and Mexico to create new frontier land.
- All of the following writers and artists made significant contributions to the romanticizing of the American West EXCEPTA. Mark Twain.B. Theodore Roosevelt.C. Frederick Jackson Turner.D. James Whistler.E. Frederic Remington.
- Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West showsA. ignored the fact that Cody had never actually lived in the West himself.B. showed the realities of life on the frontier.C. proved to be popular in Europe as well as the United States.D. did not include representations of Indians.E. often competed against those of sharpshooter Annie Oakley.
- In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working class in the western economy wasA. All these answers are correct.B. paid higher wages than workers in the East.C. highly stratified along racial lines.D. highly multiracial.E. both highly multiracial and paid higher wages than workers in the East.
- In the late nineteenth century, "range wars" in the West were often betweenA. individual white American ranchers and large American ranching corporations.B. white American ranchers and farmers.C. white American ranchers and Mexican ranchers.D. white Americans and Indians.E. white American ranchers and Chinese ranchers.
- In Owen Wister's novel, The Virginian (1902), the American cowboy wasA. castigated for his poor relations with Indians, Mexicans, and Chinese.B. seen as fast disappearing, as urbanization spread west.C. portrayed as a simple and virtuous frontiersman.D. lamented as having lost his innocence and decency.E. criticized for being too quick to use violence.
- Women in nineteenth-century western mining townsA. often greatly outnumbered the men.B. often found work doing domestic tasks.C. generally worked as miners.D. had few economic opportunities outside of prostitution.E. were nearly all single when they first arrived.
- The Rocky Mountain school of paintingA. emphasized the primitive art of Indians and other indigenous peoples.B. helped inspire the growth of tourism in the West.C. marked a sharp departure from the artistic style of the Hudson River Valley painters.D. first gained popular acceptance in the early twentieth century.E. was a significant influence on the abstract art that would soon flourish in Europe.
- In the 1840s and 1850s, in the Far West, the response by white Americans to the ChineseA. was one of consistent hostility.B. moved from initial acceptance to gradual hostility.C. moved from initial hostility to gradual acceptance.D. was one of consistent acceptance.E. depended mainly on whether the white American was pro-slavery or antislavery.