- "If your [newspaper] columns are open to the women of Seneca county, we throw down the glove to any one who will meet us, in fair argument, on the great question of Woman's Rights. Depend upon it, this soon will be the question of the day. All other reforms, however important they may be, cannot so deeply affect the interests of humanity as this one. Let it [this challenge] therefore be fairly and candidly met. . . ."We have recently had the pleasure of listening to a sermon on this subject, and we feel truly grateful that the pulpit is, at length, calling public attention to this important question. In the course of this sermon the Bible argument was touched upon. We hope it may yet be gone into more fully: for the Bible is the great Charter of human rights when it is taken in its true spiritual meaning; though its great, immortal, life-giving truths can be perverted by narrow, bigoted, sectarian teachers so as to favor all kinds of oppression, and to degrade and crush humanity itself."Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Elizabeth W. McClintock, letter to the editor of the Seneca County Courier in New York State, 1848
- totalitarianism -an extreme form of authoritarian government -a country is ruled by a single leader or an elite group-only 1 political party is allowed-the govt controls all aspects of society-citizens are forced to support government programs, plans and ideas totalitarianism after ww 1-following ww1 totalitarian governments were established around the world-germany-italy -USSR-Japan ideology -a totalitarian government has an official ideology that:-promotes nationalism -requires all citizens to participate-justifies the actions of the govtnazi idealogy-in germany the nazi government -promoted a national German identity -enforced ideas about race-discouraged activities that did not benefit the state-persecuted those who spoke out against nazi beliefs leadership: one political party-totalitarian governments are often controlled by a single political party -other parties aren't allowed -dissenting views aren't tolerated-party members follow a leaders ideology leadership: a dynamic leader-a tolitarian govt is usually led by a dynamic leader who:-builds support for his or her polices-employs absolute authority -provides a sense of direction-is perceived as wise and charismatic control: limiting freedoms-totalitarian government limit personal freedoms to discourage opposition-establish secret police-use terror and violence to create fear-create social pressure control: ondoctrination-totalitarian states use indoctrination to encourage citizens to comply-establish education programs-censor communication -create propaganda leadership crisis-systems of govt can change during a leadership crisis-a crisis can when:-a leader dies and leaves a power vacuum-a leader fails to solve a country's problems leadership crisis: the USSR-a leadership crisis led to the rise of totalitarianism in the USSR -death of Lenin-vladimir Lenin helped lead the Russian revolution-lenin died in 1924-rise of stalin-josef stalin rose to power after Lenin's death-stalin established a totalitarian government economic crisis-an economic crisis can make citizens more willing to accept a totalitarian govt-economic challenges -citizens lose their jobs-citizens can't provide for their familiesdesperation-citizens look for solutions-new leadership-charismatic leaders propose a path to take economic crisis: Italy-an economic crisis in italy led to class strugglesitaly faced:-a worldwide depression-a declining industry-mussolini gained power by proposing new ideas ethnic issues-countries can face a crisis when ethnic and religious groups are blamed for problems-citizens are taught that certain ethnic groups are harming the country-a totalitarian leader rises to power by relying citizens against these groups ethnic crisis: germany-in germany the nazi government gained support by -blaming jews for germanys loss in ww 1 and the economic depression that followed-using propaganda to encourage citizens to boycott jewish businesses 1922- mussolini became the leader of italy1929- a global depression began1934- hitler became the chancellor of germany 1934- stalin began the great purge 1939-1945- world war 2
- MC Excerpt: #2"It was not automatically apparent how any of the filibustering targets of the post-1848 period could 'fit' into an American republic, or even into an American empire. . . . While it seemed only logical to some to simply take all of Mexico as booty [spoils] of the war, cut Mexico up, and turn it into new territories and states, most Americans rejected this idea. They did so because central Mexico was densely populated. . . . Many Americans feared the result of the integration of Mexico's people into the United States. Critics also doubted whether Americans could be happy in the alien landscape of central and southern Mexico."Amy Greenberg, historian, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire, 2005"American settlers had eclipsed the Mexicans in Texas and, with ample aid from southern Whites, had rebelled and won their independence. . . . A small band of Americans, many of them merchants, lived in Mexican California when war broke out in 1846. This dispersion of hardy migrants inspired observers to insist that pioneers and not politicians won the West. . . ."Pioneers played a role in expansion, but the historical record points to politicians and propagandists as the primary agents of empire. Racial, economic, social, and political factors coalesced [combined] to make territorial and commercial expansion enticing to American leaders. . . ."Denying any parallels between earlier empires and their own, expansionists insisted that democracy and dominion were complementary, not contradictory. Since leaders intended to transform [territorial] cessions into states and their inhabitants (at least Whites) into citizens, they scoffed at misgivings about governing a vast domain."Thomas Hietala, historian, Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire, 2003
- MC EXCERPT #1: "No roads marked the way to the traveler in California then: but, guided by the sun and well-known mountain peaks, we proceeded on our journey. . . . Some forty or fifty men were at work with the cradle machines, and were averaging about eight ounces [of gold] per day to the man. But a few moments passed before I was knee deep in water, with my wash-basin full of dirt, plunging it about endeavoring to separate the dirt from the gold. After washing some fifty pans of dirt, I found I had realized about four bits' worth of gold. Reader, do you know how [one] feels when the gold fever heat has suddenly fallen to about zero? I do. . . . The Indians who were working for Capts. Sutter and Weber gave them leading information, so that they were enabled to know the direction in which new discoveries were to be made. . . ."The morals of the miners of '48 should here be noticed. No person worked on Sunday at digging for gold. . . . We had ministers of the gospel amongst us, but they never preached. Religion had been forgotten, even by its ministers, and instead of their pointing out the narrow way which leads to eternal happiness . . . they might have been seen, with pick-axe and pan, traveling untrodden [untraveled] ways in search of . . . treasure . . . or drinking good health and prosperity with friends."James H. Carson, describing life in the early California gold fields, 1848
- MC #7 (THE FIRST EXCERPT) "Forces committed to restoring White supremacy launched a ruthless, bloody campaign of terror and intimidation against freedpeople and their White allies in the South. As young southern units of the Republican Party broke under those blows and the Republicans of the North retreated and grew more conservative, Reconstruction collapsed. With it went many . . . gains. A resurgent southern elite once again set about imposing White supremacy and tyrannical labor discipline while stripping freedpeople of many of their civic and political rights."Bruce Levine, historian, The Fall of the House of Dixie, 2013
- In what year was president Kennedy assassinated
- During what years did the Cold War take place
- "For the Black men and women who lived to experience the Civil War, there would be the moment when they learned a complex of new truths: they were no longer slaves, they were free to leave the families they had served, they could negotiate the terms of their future labor, and they could aspire to the same rights and privileges enjoyed by their former owners. . . ."Never before had Black people in the South found any reason to view the future with more hope or expectation than in the 1860s. . . . To measure the significance of emancipation is not to compare the material rewards of freedom and slavery, as many contemporaries were apt to do, but to appreciate the many and varied ways in which the newly freed moved to reorder their lives and priorities and the new assumptions upon which they acted."Leon F. Litwack, historian, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery, published in 1979
- "To win the war America freed the slave and armed him; and the threat to arm the mass of the Black workers of the Confederacy stopped the war. . . . Most Americans used the negro to defend their own economic interests and, refusing him adequate land and real education and even common justice, deserted him shamelessly as soon as their selfish interests were safe."The main question to which the Negroes returned again and again [during Reconstruction] was the problem of owning land. It was ridiculed as unreasonable and unjust to the impoverished landholders of the South, and as a part of the desire for revenge which the North had. . . . [But] again and again . . . [formerly enslaved people] expressed their right to the land and the deep importance of this right. . . ."What [White Southerners and some White Northerners] insisted on during Reconstruction was labor, continuous, steady labor. . . . Of labor for the economic benefit of the laborer . . . they had no conception; and to any transfer of capital in land to the laborer . . . they were bitterly opposed."W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880, published in 1935
- MC #7 (THE SECOND EXCERPT) "For many poor Whites throughout the South, Jim Crow laws alone could not ease their most persistent fear. In regions like northern Louisiana, with little but pine trees rising from its barren soil, White men found themselves competing with [formerly enslaved people], and during the dozen years of Reconstruction they had not known which race would prevail."Such men had dropped away from the Ku Klux Klan after President Grant's crackdown, but their simmering resentments had grown. With control of the South passing again to the Democrats, powerless Whites were joining plantation owners to ensure that Black workers remained without their basic rights."A. J. Langguth, historian, After Lincoln, 2014
- Evaluate the reasons why European powers sought to establish colonies in the Americas in the period from 1492 to 1607. (Period 1)
- Evaluate the reasons for the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War. (Period 3)
- What year was the most turbulent year of the 1960s
- Evaluate the extent to which new technologies caused a market revolution in the period from 1800 to 1848. (Period 4)
- Evaluate the most significant differences between ideas of regional identity in the North and in the South during the Civil War from 1861 to 1865. (Period 5)
- Evaluate the extent to which imperial goals of the French and of the British fostered differences in their relationships with American Indians in the period from 1607 to 1754. (Period 2)
- The hub of the shipping trade in North America was in
- Which best describes the overall type of art that emerged in the postwar period?
- In 1917, Vladimir Lenin gave a speech about the provisional government.The people need peace. The people need bread and land. And they [the provisional government] give you war, hunger, no food, and the land remains with the landowners.—Vladimir Lenin,1917According to Lenin, what reasons did the people have to be unhappy with the provisional government?
- Which best describes what Einstein's theories tried to explain?