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Which of the following is an example of media pipes/infrastructure? (select all that apply)

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A child with a phonological disorder typically produces "sack" as /kak/. During an intervention session, the child produces /tak/ and is rewarded for it by the SLP. The situation described illustrates a therapeutic strategy that isA. based on behavior modification principles and distributed practiceB. based on sound behavioral principles, since it involves application of a random reinforcement scheduleC. Based on the theory of negative practice, which permits occasional reinforcement of incorrect responses to prevent discouragementD. Based on the gradualness principle, since the SLP reinforces a response that involves stopping on the initial consonant, a successive approximation of the targetE. A misapplication of variable reinforcement, since the SLP erroneously reinforces a production lacking the essential feature of stridency.

An otolaryngologist refers a 4 year old child to an SLP six months after a tonsilectomy and adenoidectomy. Following surgery, the child's speech became hypernasal. The SLPs evaluation confirms mild to moderate hypernasailty. If the child has no other speech or language problems, which of the following is the most appropriate course of action for the SLP to take?A. Use behavioral strategies to increase velopharyngeal closure for speechB. Counsel the parents that the hypernasality is likely to resolve in a few weeksC. Counsel the child's preschool teacher about instructional exercises to use to improve speech production in the classroomD. Counsel the parents on ways to reduce hypernasality at home rather than providing any direct treatment.E. refer the child and family to a cleft palate/craniofacial team for further evaluation

A 70 year old female has dysphagia characterized by poor posterior oral containment of the bolus during the oral preparatory stage, causing aspiration before the swallow. Cognition and the pharyngeal stage of the swallow are intact. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment approach for the client?A. providing a puree diet with thickened liquidsB. Having the client flex her head forward (perform the chin-down posture) during oral preparation and transit stages of the swallow C. Having the client turn (rotate) her head to the right when swallowingD. Having the client eat more slowly to prevent aspirationE. Providing a diet that consists of thin liquids

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