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What did native americans of the channel islands leave behind?

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- bacilli are thin, straight rods- On artificial media- coccoid and filamentous forms (polymorphic)- aerobic bacteria that do not form spores- Are called «Acid fast bacteria» (they resist decolorization by acid)

Specimen: urethral, cervix, rectum, oropharynx, conjunctiva, sputumFemale: urine sample, swab from cervix or lower vaginaMale: Urine sample, swab test from urethraTransport: Sterile container, Uroline, universal transport mediaCulture: can't!Direct test: PCR, rapid PCR, microscopy giemsa staining, ELISA, direct fluorecent ab testing

Clinical manifestationCause mycosis: infection by fungiCaused by pathogenic factorso Fungi have the possibility to become pathogenic • Myogenic hypersensitivityo Related to enzymes and metabolic by-products secreted by fungio Host gains hypersensitivity after contact with fungal by-products andenzymes• Mycotoxicosis: especially moulds are able to produce a variety of toxicsubstanceso No response of immune system to toxins o Substances can be mutagenic carcinogenic (aflatoxin) hepatotoxic (knollenblätterpilz) - alcohol from yeastI. Superficial mycoses: Malassezia infections- Infections likely caused by endogenous strains!- Infections characterized by hyper- or hypopigmented maculae that develop on the skin (usually on chest, upper back, arms, abdomen & neck)II. Cutaneous mycoses s. dermatophytosis: Causative agents are: Dermatophytes and Candida albicans- caused by trauma or contact- host susceptibility may beenhanced by moisture, warmth, specific skin chemistry, perspiration and genetic predisposition- only the keratinized tissue (skin, hair, and nails).III. Subcutaneous mycoses: sporotrichosis - sporothrix schenckii- Resides in soil or on vegetation- Enters the skin or subcutaneous tissue by traumatic inoculation with contaminated material e.g. rose → Thorns → A chronic granulomatous infection- Secondary spread with involvement of lymphatics and lymph nodesIV. Systemic mycoses s. Endemic mycoses- Primary infections. Dimorphic causative agents. Systemic infection- Causative agents in the soil in s.c. endemic regions- Infections inhalation dissemination lungs following inhalation of conidia later may involve dissemination from lungs to other organs.V. Opportunistic Mycoses;Hair lesions- Present in our microbiota (Candida)o Ubiquitous fungi (air, soil, water)- Hosts; immunocompromised persons, underlyingpredisposing conditions of the host- More common diseases; candidiasis,cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, mucoromycosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, penicillinosis

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