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The variance is based on the a. deviation about the median. b. number of variables. c. deviation about the mean. d. correlation in the data.

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Benresorptionen är större än benbildningenvilket ger minskad benmassa. Trabeklerna blir tunnare och färre, tunn benkompakta. leder till osteoporos

parathyroid-hormn: Produceras i parathyroideia-körteln och innehåller 84 aminosyror. stimulerar benresorption. Osteoclaster har dock inga PTH-receptorer t.sk från osteoblaster. Detta gör att närvaro av osteoblaster krävs. PTH har även komplexa effekter på benformation, vid stötvisa injektioner stimuleras nämligen benformation.Vitamin-D: (1,25(OH)2D3) upptas från föda eller syntetiseras i huden. Stimulerar benresorption, viktig för normal bentillväxt och mineralisation. Vitamin D i sig är inget hormon men metaboliseras i lver och njure för att bli en hormon.Calcitonin: Liten peptid från thyroid körteln. Har direkta effekter på osteoclaster och hindrar höga doser benresorption.Tillväxthormon: Protein från hypofysen. generellt viktig för kroppstillväxt men också för skellettilväxt. brist kan leda till dvärgtillväxt.Insulin Polypeptid från bukspottskörteln. Viktig för energimetabolism generellt men också för skelettillväxt och benmetabolism.Sex hormoner : estrogen och androgen är viktiga för skelett-mognad. Förhindrar sjuklig bendegradation (postmenopausal osteoporosis är p.g.a hormonrubbningar)Glukocorticider: Bildas i binjuren, har komplexa effekter på ben.-Kortvarigt bruk stimulerar osteogenesen.- Långvarigt bruk bromsar osteogenesen- Höga doser ger problem med skelettet (osteoporos och frakturer)

Parakrin/autokrin: lokal kontroll. Viktig under benremodellering och läkning. Extracellulära benmatrix innehåller stora mängder tilläxtfaktorer producerade av osteoblaster som verkar mot andra osteoblaster.- Tillväxt - /signalfaktorer: (produceras av benceller och inflammationsceller) IGF, TGF-B, FGFs och BMB.- Andra lokala faktorer som producerats av benrelaterade celler (osteoblaster, inflammationsceller, makrofager): cytokiner, interleukiner och prostaglandiner

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