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Question 51The following questions refer to the following excerpt."[T]he Western world had typically connected church and state. Now the Americans undertook to experiment with their separation: Religion would be purely voluntary. The results astonished both friends and foes of Christianity. . . . Far from hindering religion, the American model of voluntarism hugely facilitated it, liberating powerful religious energies. Religion, which had played such an important part in the life of the American colonies, was reinvigorated . . . in the life of the American republic. . . . Americans . . . experienced widespread direct democracy through the creation, administration, and financing of churches and other voluntary societies. . . . Women, African Americans, and newly arrived poor immigrants were all participating in religion, often in leadership roles, before they participated in politics." — Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What God Hath Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007Which of the following activities from the middle of the nineteenth century most closely resembles the religious voluntarism Howe describes?No answer provideda. The creation of self-help associations by free blacks in Philadelphiab. The articulation of transcendentalism by New Englander Ralph Waldo Emersonc. The construction of fine wood furniture by Shaker communitiesd. The participation in Roman Catholic churches by Irish immigrants

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