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Noise Exposure and Public HealthExposure to noise constitutes a health risk. There is sufficient scientific evidence that noise exposure can induce hearing impairment, hypertension and heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance. For other effects such as changes in the immune system and birth defects, the evidence is limited. Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s, and noise abatement is less of a scientific but primarily a policy problem. A subject for further research is the [clarification] of the mechanisms underlying noise-induced cardiovascular disorders and the relationship of noise with annoyance and nonacoustical factors modifying health outcomes. A high-priority study subject is the effect of noise on children, including cognitive effects and their reversibility. Noise exposure is on the increase, especially in the general living environment, both in industrialized nations and in developing world regions. This implies that in the twenty-first century noise exposure will still be a major public health problem.Which of the following best describes why the authors claim that noise exposure will be a major health problem in the twenty-first century?AThere is sufficient evidence to support that noise exposure negatively impacts the immune system.BFurther research is needed concerning the mechanisms underlying noise-induced cardiovascular disorders.CThere is insufficient evidence to support that noise exposure induces sleep disturbance in humans.DNoise exposure is on the increase in both industrialized nations and in developing regions.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States recommends taking corrective measures to reduce exposure to radon gas. The EPA has set an action level of 4pCiL for radon gas. The graph below shows radon samples taken from seventeen buildings in California. The radon samples were taken from the air inside the buildings, and the uranium concentrations were sampled from the soil under the buildings. Data points from four of the seventeen building locations are labeled A-D.Which of the following conclusions can best be drawn from the data in the graph?ALocation A has the greatest need for remediation because the radon levels in the building are the highest and exceed the EPA action level.BLocation B has the lowest need for remediation because the radon levels in the building are below the suggested action level.CLocation C has the greatest need for remediation because the radon levels in the soil are the highest.DLocation D has the lowest need for remediation because there is no measurable radon in the air or the soil samples.

A paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river.Which of the following would be the best location to obtain a water sample from to determine if the paper plant is affecting the acidity of the river?AImmediately downstream from the paper plantBImmediately upstream from the paper plantCAt an upstream tributary to the riverDAt a downstream tributary to the river

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