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Jane Mitchell, age 16, was shopping at her neighborhood Osco Drug Store. She had been looking at magazines as she waited for a friend. She decided to purchase a Tiger Beat magazine and then wait for her friend outside the store. She paid for the magazine, but as she headed for the door, the store manager used the store's loudspeaker system to announce, "You, with the green hair and the maroon Doc Marten's on. Yes, you, by the front of the store. I saw you take that magazine. Stop right there. I have a gun pointed at you. "The manager's actions:a. were excessive but will not result in any liability.b. are protected by the shopkeeper's privilege.c. constitute defamation.d. none of the above.

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