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how many astronauts were in the second group of men for the space program

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Theses: how were the African Americans treated differently than white Americans? Once the Union government had decided in early 1863 to enlist black soldiers, military efficiency and moral arguments demanded that all soldiers, whatever their color, be treated equally. The deep-seated racial prejudice pervasive in American society, however, meant that such a policy faced real resistance. As a result, federal officials moved in hesitant, sometimes ambiguous, but ultimately inevitable steps toward a policy of equal protection and benefits for black soldiers and their families. Nevertheless, social attitudes and conditions meant that even color-neutral legislation had an unequal impact on whites and blacks. An equitable government policy developed only slowly and did not ensure a similar response from white society. All too often, and especially among the families of Southern black soldiers, black dependents had to worry about their physical safety, faced greater financial insecurity during the war, and received fewer benefits when the war was over. Even in the North, where families might have expected to have the efforts of the black soldiers recognized and supported, such was not always the case.

Theses: how were the African Americans treated differently than white Americans?The change reflected the widespread belief among whites that black soldiers were simply not worth as much as white soldiers. In June 1863, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton received the legal advice that the Militia Act of July 17, 1862, authorizing the enlistment of blacks into military units at the same rate of pay as black government laborers, regardless of rank, had established the wages for black soldiers in the Union army. Despite all earlier promises, black soldiers would not receive equal pay until the summer of 1864.

Theses: how were the African Americans treated differently than white Americans?Troopers in the Fifth U.S. Colored Cavalry, for example, believed that their officers had defrauded them of almost thirteen hundred dollars by "robbing us out of our money" and by selling the men's rations or making the soldiers pay for passes. If the men would not, or could not pay for a pass, they were prevented from seeing their wives. The men complained, "When our wives come to the camp to see us they are not allowed to come in camp and we are not allowed to go and see them . . . they are drummed off and the officers Say go you darn witch

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