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Exemple of micro organism whose final acceptor is Nitrate

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Explain the following observation: Enzyme A has a very broad pH optimum and exhibits the same catalytic activity at pH 6.5 as at pH 8.5. However, a competitive inhibitor, X, is effective at pH 6.5, but not at pH 8.5. (ch7)
The activity of chymotrypsin changes as the pH changes in the range of pH 5-9, as shown on the following graph. From your understanding of the chemical mechanism of the chymotrypsin reaction, explain the pH effect on chymotrypsin activity by answering parts a, b, and c.a. What amino acid functional group on which residue is most likely responsible for the effect of pH?b. What is the apparent pKa of that functional group? Indicate on the graph how you deduced the pKa.c. Briefly explain in terms of the chymotrypsin mechanism why the activity increases as the pH increases in this pH range. (ch7)
The phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K) pathway is activated by insulin signaling in liver cells. Number the following statements 1-10 to order the sequence of events to insulin signaling.a. PDK1 and Akt bind to PIP3 in the plasma membrane via Ph domains.b. Insulin receptor autophosphorylates tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tail.c. Increased rates of glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis lower blood glucose.d. Insulin receptor phosphorylates IRS proteins on tyrosine residues. e. PI-3K phosphorylates PIP2 to generate PIP3.f. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor and activates its intrinsic kinase activity.g. IRS proteins bind to phosphotyrosine in the insulin receptor vis PTB domains.h. Akt is phosphorylated and activated by the serine/threonine kinase activity of PDK1.i. PI-3K binds the phosphotyrosine on IRK=S proteins via SH2 domains.j. Akt dissociates from PIP3 and phosphorylates downstream target proteins. (ch8)

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