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Assume that Dr. Susan Jones performed an operation on Henry Smith at Community Hospital, which is owned and operated by a for-profit corporation. Dr. Jones is an independent physician in private practice with privileges to admit patients and perform surgery at Community Hospital. Dr. Jones is not an employee of the hospital, and she has no contract with the hospital. In addition, Smith made his own decision to choose Dr. Jones as his surgeon, before he ever went to the hospital. Unfortunately, Smith died as a result of the operation, and his wife has filed a lawsuit against Community Hospital on the legal theory of corporate negligence. Smith's wife has also sued Dr. Jones for lack of informed consent. With regard to this claim for lack of informed consent, which of the following things, if any, does the plaintiff need to prove?

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