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4. In the seventh century, the Byzantines experienced an economic transformation similar to, though less pronounced than, that of western Europe. This was caused by all of the following except a. the rapid growth of the merchant class. b. the decline of some cities in wealth and population. c. the replacement of a money economy with barter. d. the disappearance of the traditional urban class. e. beginning rivalry between the power held by families and the power of class-based officeholders.

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