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Selon Peter KENEN (« The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas : An Eclectic View », 1969), la diversification sectorielle du tissu productif des pays dans une même zone monétaire permet d'envisager cette zone comme étant optimale. Le modèle de Mundell serait trop restrictif : lorsque le tissu productif est diversifié, il y a moins de risques d'être durement atteint par un choc asymétrique - la diversification du tissu productif diluant le choc. En revanche des économies plus spécialisées, seraient plus exposées aux chocs de demande. Depuis la fin des années 1990, la spécialisation règne en Europe : les pays du nord de la zone se sont spécialisés dans les productions industrielles tandis que la plupart des pays du sud se sont spécialisés dans les productions agricoles.
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