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la somme d'un aléa et d'une vulnérabilité. Le risque est caractérisé par sa fréquence mais aussi par sa gravité. Le produit des deux est appelé criticité. Il existe ainsi des risques de gravité faible et fréquents comme l'épidémie saisonnière de rhumes des foins, des risques de gravité forte et de fréquence faible (une crise financière majeure, un astéroïde géocroiseur de grande taille...). Nos ancêtres étaient confrontés principalement au risque infectieux qui les décimait. Il n'en avait pas la compréhension. La notion de risque statistique émerge au tournant des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle avec Pascal et les Bernoulli. L'apparition de l'assurance maritime — le métier de base du marché du Lloyd's apparu en 1688 — est une première technologie de maîtrise des risques.

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