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Stanley and livingstone-David Livingstone was a European explorer and missionary who disappeared in africa-Henry Stanley was a journalist sent to find him-their books excited europeans who wanted to colonize Africa africa-the 2nd largest continent in the worldimportant features:-sahara desert-nile and congo rivers-vast rain forecasts Africa befor imperialism-in the 1800s African societies were organized differently that those in europe-thousands of cultural groups lived on the continent -each group had its own language and customsafrica's natural resources- gold and diamonds, ivory, rubber and palm oil and land for farming scramble for africa-in 1885 the Berlin conference was held to divide the continent -africa was partitioned by the European leaders-africans were not involved -traditonal tribal and ethnic boundaries were ignored Leopold II-ruled as king of belgium-took control of the Congo region in Africa after the Berlin conference -made it his personal colonyabuses in the Congo free state-kind Leopold II used the Congo free state to supplement his personal fortune-the Congolese were enslaved to gather resources, primarily rubber and ivory-entire villages were tortured if they failed to meet their quota-atrocities affected millions of people forces enabling imperialism -3 main factors enabled europeans to establish empires in africa: new technologies -advanced weaponry, transportation and communications -lack of African unity-tribal societies -diverse languages and customs -slave trade: weak African kingdoms zulu resistans -the Zulus successfully resisted british occupation in southern africa-led by Shaka a powerful Zulu chieftain-used advanced military tactics to defeat british forces -remained independent until 1879Menelik II-ruled Ethiopia the only nation to successfully resist European control-built up a a large arsenal of weapons-defeated Italy in the battle of adwaresistance was difficult for the zulu-european soldiers had firearms while the Zulu used spears and swords-europeans rulers did't recognize tribal groups such as the Zulu as modern nations Ethiopia remained independent -the Ethiopians had modern weapons-at the battle of adwa the Ethiopian army outnumbered the Italians by 7 to 1-european rulers signed treaties that recognized Ethiopia as a modernization nationcultural effect of imperialsim-christianity spread across the continent-many africans adopted European customs and learned European languages-european style education systems were created but in limited areaspolitical effects of imperialism -the partition of africa created artificial boundaries-this increased conflict between tribal groups-independent nations were unable to accommodate for ethnic, religious and cultural diversity -europeans held most positions in power and decision-making -imperialism created white minority rule-africans received little experience in self-government economic effects of imperialism -imperialism created unequal trade and economic development -riches and resources were export by force-plantations and mines were exclusively owned by europeans -manufacturing was prohibited -the labor force was exploited-investments were not made in technology, education, or infrastructure, unless related to exports 1879- the british defeated the Zulu 1885- the partiton of africa began1885-1908- Leopold II ruled the Congo 1896- ethiopia defeated Italy Add New NoteAdvancedFrench imperialism-during the age of the new imperialism france built a new empire in africa and southeast asia-they believed that their culture was superior to others-they intended to westernize their colonies by assimilation france gradually established political and economic influence in vietnam1802- the French helped the Nguyen dynasty come to power1857- after the death of several missionaries france invaded vietnam1883- france conquered all of vietnamFrench Indochina -france expanded its territory in southeast asia in the 1900s it included:-vietnam-cambodia-laos-parts of siam (Thailand)the new imperialism in france-French leaders described their goal as a mission civilsatrice or civilizing mission-they believed that:-they had a duty to civilize indigenous people-france should regulate other countries trade and activities -cultures they considered inferior should be replacedFrench rule in southeast asia-france directly ruled vietnam and influenced its culture-filled government postions with French europeans-allowed native rulers to serve in figurehead role -granted rights to people who adopted French culture-encouraged people to convert to christianity effects of French colonial rule in vietnam-French rule had positive and negative consequences in vietnampositive effects: increased the wealth of wealthy Vietnamese people-modernized vietnam by building railroads, roads, and harbors-brought electricity negative effects: decreased the wealth of impoverished Vietnamese people-promoted French acculturation by pushing out ancient culture and customs-increased taxes on goods the end of French indochina-after world war II nationalists fought for independence -in 1954 france gave up its territories in indochina-vietnam remained in conflict until the 1970sforms of rule-colonizing countries used direct and indirect rule to control their empiresbritish in India -ruled directly over some provinces-indirectly influenced other provinces French in asia-ruled directly over territories -left figurehead rulers in placeJapan in korea-ruled indirectly by establishing a protectorate-ruled directly after annexing korea imperialist attitudesbritish in India: pursued the idea of the "white mans burden" -allowed some native cultures to continue French in Asia: established "civilizing mission"Japan in korea: established Japanese culture language and culture-each country emphasized its own culture in its colonies and territories-established schools-conducted official business in its own language rather than its native languages-encouraged or forced new traditions economic benefits-all 3 countries reaped benefits from their empires-natural resources -labor social classes and equality-all 3 empires created societies that-established clearer social classes -led to wealth for upper classes-led to poverty for lower classes -social equality was rare1857- French invasion of vietnam 1883- establishment of French rule in vietnam1954- end of French rule in Vietnamprincipe de libre administration des collectivités territoriales=
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