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Enlightenment is man's release from immaturity that we have created for ourselves. Immaturity is the inability to reason for ourselves without the guidance from another. This need for guidance is self-created, not because of our lack of reason, but because of our lack of bravery to use that reason on our own. The motto of the Enlightenment is this: Have courage to use your own understanding!According to Kant, what did the Enlightenment encourage people to do?
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- · Man's reason, being fallible, can function only if he can make 'public use' of it, and this is equally true for those who, still in a state of "tutelage," are unable to use their minds 'without the guidance of somebody else' and for the 'scholar', who needs 'the entire reading public' to examine and control his results"
- "In the most advanced countries, the following will be pretty generally applicable. 1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes. 2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax. 3. Abolition of all right of inheritance. 4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. 5. Centralisation of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly. 6. Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State. 7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan. 8. Equal liability of all to labour. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture. 9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country, by a more equable distribution of the population over the country. 10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children's factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production
- 2.In Federalist #49, Publius objects to Jefferson's proposal for recourse to the people inconvention as a means of repairing violations of the separation of powers becausea. the same representatives who violate the constitution could well be elected torepair violations.b. it would deprive the constitution of the veneration good government needs.c. it won't help if two branches conspire to violate the third.d. ALL of the above