Philosophy Questions
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In terms of leisure, the middle class were careful to distinguish themselves from the working class, for instance avoiding the .. Among men, private social clubs were popular.
Upper-class men remained the political leaders. They filled the House of Lords and dominated the House of Commons. Obtaining seats by virtue of aristocratic status remained the case until the ...
Middle-class work was of higher status not only because it wasnt't manual but because it required ....(or at least literacy and numeracy) ...became central to middle-class identity.
Members of gentry had landed estates, but contrary to the aristocracy were not active in national politics and couldn't afford... They were often active in... serving as Justices of the Peace
The notion of class was defined by income and relationship to means of production but also ..., educational level, employment type etc. Some upper working-class families had higher incomes than some lower middle-class families but didn't consider themselves middle-class.
In 1820 the working class comprised about ... percent of the population(gaining 100 pounds per annum) , and middle class...percent and growing.
Most working-class women worked for ... for at least part of their lives.(factory work, domestic service, piece work done at home) even though the ideal for the female head of household would be to eschew waged work
Literacy levels remained fairly low until after the passage of the ... , with the introduction of state schools.
A major change was the growth of.. - clerking and retail sales work - from about 1860. + education from 1870 = opportunity to become lower middle class(certain class mobility)
It was illegal to belong to a union until 1871, but in 1871 ... workers belonged to unions.
Although giant factories and mines characterise the 19th century, ... remained one of the largest occupational groups of the era
Middle-class and upper-class Victorians were charitable, but also immensely anxious that their support go only to those who ...
From 1850s, working-class aligned themselves with one of the two major political parties or with the emerging labor movement (which would later become the Labour Party), especially after 1867 when some...
The middle class doubled between 1851 and 1871, in large part because of the expansion of ...
Working-class Victorians engaged in a daily struggle not only to survive but to do so with dignity. Not simply working long hours but maintaining a home, a family, a public face. Cultural distinction between...It meant status in the community, independence and character for men, good housekeeping and mothering skills for women. ... was usually judged by the neighbours, who were also a source of aid.
A dominant form of working-class sociability was ... Shorter work days and the railway came togther to make ... Towards the end of the century, music halls, ... emerged as forms of leisure. Philantropists offered 'rational recreation(not popular)
Discontent of the working class with 1832 Reform Act and 1834 Poor Law, gave rise to ..., in which working-class Britons demanded their ....rights to participate in government.
Wealthy upper middle-class families often socialised with the local gentry, and together the two classes formed a ...
After 1834, when the new Poor Law created ...that many of the working class strove to avoid, philanthropy became more important.
From 1870, whens state schools were introduced, working-class children became more and more likely to receive a formal ... education until the age of 10-12