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A small centric ring X chromosome that lacks the X inactivation center is observed in a patient with short stature, gonadal dysgenesis, and intellectual disability. Because intellectual disability is not a typical feature of Turner syndrome, explain the presence of mental retardation with or without other associated physical anomalies in individuals with a 46,X,r(X) karyotype. In a prenatal diagnosis involving a different family, a somewhat larger ring that contains the X inactivation center is detected. What phenotype would you predict for the fetus in this pregnancy?

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Which of the following statements about nondisjunction is false? a) Women with a single X chromosome have Turner syndrome and are sterile. b) In general, a single Y chromosome is enough to produce "maleness." c) In mammals, extra copies of the Y chromosome are typically inactivated. d) Nondisjunction in meiosis can affect autosomes and sex chromosomes.

If a fragment of a chromosome breaks off and then reattaches to the original chromosome at the same place but in the reverse direction, the resulting chromosomal abnormality is called _____. a) an inversion b) a reciprocal translocation c) a deletion d) a nondisjunction

Cancer is not usually inherited because a) the causes of cancer are not usually genetic. b) people with cancer usually die before reproducing. c) the cancerous cells usually interfere with the ability to produce gametes. d) the chromosomal changes in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells.

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