Organic Chemistry Questions
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reversible condensation reactions. The products are β-keto esters rather than α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds
to the malonic ester synthesis, but the final products are ketones (specifically derivatives of dimethylketone (acetone))
The aldol addition is an equilibrium process that generally favors the products for aldehydes, however not necessarily for ketones
enolate is ambidentate, it can undergo C-attack or O-attack using the O or the alpha carbon as the nucleophilic center
hydrohalic acids (HX, X= Cl, Br, I), as the halohydrin initially formed often reacts further with HX to give a 1,2 dihalide
thiol deprotonated by OH to form thiolate ion, thiolate ion functions as a nucleophile and attacks an alkyl halide (good nucleophile turns into a great nucleophile)
C2O oxirane ring is the parent (O is 1, C's are 2 and 3). substituents named in alphabetical order; lowest possible numbers (1,2-epoxyethane, 3,4-epoxy-4-ethyl-2-methylhexane, 1,2-epoxy-1-methoxypropane
tertiary butyl group, nucleophile could not get to the electrophile, E2 reaction would produce isobutane
carbon skeleton can be modified. Make C-C bonds with a carbon nucleophile.can install a two carbon chain between an R group and an OH group
called sulfides or thioethers, named like ethers. Sulfides can also be named using an alkylthio side group on an alkane parent
Water or an alcohol (weak nucleophiles) can also be used as the nucleophile in the presence of a small amount of acid catalyst (usually H2SO4)
with an asymmetric epoxide, the strong nulceophile attacks the least substituted position (SN2)
by an SN2 reaction involving sodium hydrosulfide (HS-) so primary alkyl halides work best
like those of alcohols, using the name of the alkyl group with the word mercaptan
S in the middle of two R groups double bound to an oxygen
to describe the proximity of atoms to the carbonyl center (which isn't given a Greek letter designation!
both steric and electronic effects play a role in determining the overall regiochemistry of ring opening with prior protonation
more reactive than ethers due to the presence of the larger, more polarizable S atom. Unlike ethers, sulfides will undergo attack on an alkyl halide
alkene + MCPBA gives epoxide plus a carboxylic acid, stereospecific
two oxygens double bonded to sulfur, two R groups also attached