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Which is the most likely reason that HIV-infected people with heterozygous HLA loci have a delayed progression to AIDS compared with patients who are homozygous at one or more HLA loci?The greater number of HLA alleles provides a wider variety of HLA molecules for presenting HIV-derived peptides to CD8 T cells even if HIV mutates during the course of infection.Heterozygotes have more opportunity for interallelic conversion and can therefore express larger numbers of MHC alleles.Directional selection mechanisms favor heterozygotes and provide selective advantage to pathogen exposure.As heterozygosity increases, so does the concentration of alloantibodies in the serum, some of which cross-react with and neutralize HIV.

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are the organisms that typically reside on and in your body AND protect against infection by pathogens.
They are secreted by one cell type. They then bind to a receptor on target cell causing a signal within that cell that turns on (or off) certain genes to achieve a response.
Some pathogens hijack the host's regulatory membrane proteins that inactivate C3b, preventing the triggering of the alternative activation pathway AND some pathogens produce C5a peptidase that destroys complement C5a, a chemoattractant that recruits phagocytes to the area of infection.

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