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History of the Americas
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A major route from Missouri to Oregon that pioneers used to migrate west.(1797-1801) - Federalist; favored a strong central government; served one term.___ ___ - English common law signed in 1212, which established that individuals have natural rights of security, liberty, and property. Samuel Adams believed the colonists were entitled to these same rights and referenced the ___ ___ when he wrote The Rights of Colonists.___ ___ ___ - First U.S. Constitution, weak central government, inability to levy taxes, inability to regulate interstate and international trade, each state was represented by one vote regardless of its size. Its strength was that it allowed the federal government to negotiate with foreign governments.The ___-___ ___ was a deal reached during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention regarding the counting of enslaved people in determining a state's total population. This number was important because it affected both taxation and representation in the House of Representatives. According to the Three-Fifths Compromise, each enslaved person in a state would be counted as three-fifths of a person. In other words, if a state had 5,000 enslaved people, 3,000 people would be added to the state's population count for the purposes of taxation and representation.The compromise was reached because of a disagreement between Northern and Southern states:Northern states, where slavery was less prevalent, wanted to count only free inhabitants for determining representation because they feared that counting enslaved people would give Southern states more seats in Congress, thereby increasing their political power.On the other hand, Southern states, which had large, enslaved populations, wanted to count enslaved people as part of their population to increase their representation in Congress, even though enslaved people were not granted any rights of citizenship and were not allowed toCauses of the American Revolution:Enlightenment ideas about individual liberties and government began to take root in the colonies, leading to an intellectual shift that emphasized self-governance and democratic ideals. Key figures like John Locke and Thomas Paine were influential in this shift.The war officially ended with the ___ ___ ___, signed on September 3, ????. In this treaty, Britain recognized the sovereignty of the United States and formally ended the conflict. The treaty established generous boundaries for the new nation, which now extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, and from the Great Lakes region to Florida.When gold was discovered in California in 1848, people from California were the first to rush to the goldfields. News quickly spread to Oregon and Latin America and eventually throughout the world.The ___ ___ ___ were a secret society formed in the American colonies in response to dissatisfaction with British rule. Established around 1765, they were instrumental in sparking and organizing revolutionary sentiment in the lead-up to the American Revolution.The group originated in Boston, Massachusetts, with notable members including Samuel ___, John ___, and Paul ___. They were known for their protest actions, which ranged from organized demonstrations and boycotts of British goods, to more radical activities such as intimidation of tax collectors and violent protests.They are perhaps best known for orchestrating the ___ ___ ___ in 1773. Over time, many members became leaders in the American Revolution and in the formation of the new American nation.___ ___ - Meeting with delegates to establish a stronger constitution. The opposition felt the Constitution increased the power of the executive branch but failed to provide protection of individual rights. Eventually, the Bill of Rights was added to appease the anti-federalists and ratify the Constitution in 1787.The ___ ___ was a series of legislative bodies that met in the American colonies (later the United States) during the Revolutionary War period. They were the primary form of national government before the Constitution was ratified in 1788.There were two.Many factors contributed to the ___ ___, which was the movement of settlers into the American West from about 1840 to 1850. The primary factors for the expansion were ___ growth and search for new ___ for economic benefit.The westward expansion was fueled by the ___ Rush, the ___ Trail, and the belief in ___ Destiny.On July 4, ????, the ___ Continental Congress, a convention of delegates from the colonies, issued the Declaration of Independence, written primarily by Thomas ___. This document declared the colonies free and independent states, no longer under British rule.The Revolutionary War began due to growing political and economic tensions between the American ___ and the ___ government, primarily over issues of taxation without representation and self-governance.The conflict started with the Battles of ___ ___ ___ on April 19, ????, where American militia men confronted British soldiers attempting to seize weapons and ammunition stores.The Battle of ___ in 1777 was a significant turning point of the Revolutionary War, with the American forces scoring a major victory that helped to secure foreign recognition and support, particularly from ___.The Revolutionary War effectively ended with the Siege of ___ in October ????, when American forces, led by General George ___, and French forces, led by General Comte de ___, defeated British General Lord Cornwallis. This victory prompted peace negotiations.Second Continental Congress (????-1781) - When the British government didn't redress their grievances, the Second Continental Congress convened in ___ in May 1775. This Congress served as the de facto national government throughout the Revolutionary War.The Second Continental Congress took on many governmental duties, including directing the war effort, drafting treaties of alliance, negotiating with Native American tribes, and dealing with financial matters. Importantly, it also issued the ___ ___ ___ on July 4, 1776, formally breaking ties with Britain.Among its other notable accomplishments, the Second Continental Congress approved the ___ ___ ___, the first constitution of the United States, in ????. However, the Articles were not ratified by all thirteen states until ????.The Articles of Confederation proved to be an insufficient framework for a national government due to their weak central authority, leading to calls for a new constitution. The ___ ___ was ratified in 1788, and the first Congress under the new Constitution convened in 1789, marking the end of the Continental Congress and the beginning of the United States ___ as we know it today.The Role of Women During the American RevolutionSupporting the War Effort: Many women were involved in supporting the revolutionary cause, both on the home front and directly. They took care of their homes and farms while their husbands were fighting, often taking on roles traditionally assigned to men, such as managing businesses and family finances. Some women also participated directly in the war as nurses, cooks, laundresses, and even soldiers in disguise.Political Activism: Women also engaged in political activism. They participated in boycotts of British goods, spun their own cloth (homespun) to avoid purchasing British textiles, and some were involved in protesting actions of the British government. Groups like the Daughters of Liberty, while not as famous as their male counterparts, played a crucial role in rallying support for the American cause.Rights and Roles: The Revolutionary era also brought new ideas about women's rights and roles in society. Inspired by the revolutionary ideals of liberty and equality, some women began to question their place in society and to call for greater rights. Notably, Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams, urged her husband to "remember the laThe ___ ___ was subsequently used as a ___ tool by the colonists, particularly by groups like the ___ ___ ___, to inflame sentiments against the British. The soldiers were put on trial for murder, but most were acquitted, further exacerbating tensions between the colonists and the British government. The incident is often considered a key event in the lead-up to the ___ ___.
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