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The battle of Saratoga in 1777 was important because ita)gave the British a much needed victoryb)brought France into a formal alliance with the United Statesc)convinced the Iroquois Confederacy to side with the Patriotsd)ended the war in New Englande)ended any interest by Spain and the Netherlands in aiding England

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"The committee of the president and directors of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company [in Delaware] . . . beg leave respectfully to offer to the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, the following facts and observations relative to the said canal. . . .". . . The island of Great Britain furnishes proof of the advantages of canals, beyond any other country. That nation has now become the maritime rival, and almost controller of every commercial people; her superiority has arisen from her unbounded commerce, and the vast wealth it has introduced, the basis of which wealth is her immense manufactures . . . : the foundation of these manufactures has again been formed by her internal improvements. . . ."The United States, both from their present political and natural situation, demand from their government every aid it can furnish. . . . Her rapid increase in prosperity, has already drawn upon her the envy, the jealousy, and the hostility of other nations, which alone can be counteracted by improving her internal strength, supplying her wants as far as possible by her own [products] and manufactures, and extending her agriculture so as to gain from its surplus the wealth of other nations."The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, petition to the United States Congress, 1809At the time the petition was produced, Congress most likely interpreted the petition's purpose asA. requesting federal funding for transportation construction projectsB. rallying support to end commercial relations with Great BritainC. encouraging White settlers to use canals to migrate to new statesD. promoting the development of agriculture at the expense of industry

"National gratitude—national pride—every high and generous feeling that attaches us to the land of our birth, or that [elevates] our characters as individuals, ask[s] of us that we should foster the . . . literature of our country. . . . On the other hand, it is not necessary for these purposes—it is even detrimental to bestow on mediocrity the praise due to excellence, and still more so is the attempt to persuade ourselves and others into an admiration of the faults of [our writers]. . . ."It must however be allowed, that the poetry of the United States, though it has not reached that perfection to which some other countries have carried theirs, is yet even better than it could have been expected to produce, considering that our nation has scarcely seen two centuries since its founders erected their cabins on its soil. . . ."The fondness for literature is fast increasing in our country—and if this were not the case, the patrons of literature have multiplied, of course, and will continue to multiply with the mere growth of our population. The popular English works of the day are often reprinted in our country—they are dispersed all over the union. . . . What should hinder our native works, if equal in merit, from meeting an equally favorable reception?"William Cullen Bryant, book review in the North American Review, 1818The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following developments?A. The termination of cultural connections with Great BritainB. The popularization of the belief in human perfectibilityC. The creation of a unique American cultureD. The foundation of a trans-Atlantic print culture

"Mississippi planter and agricultural reformer M. W. Phillips, a regular contributor to the American Cotton Planter, wrote about soil exhaustion and crop rotation, and extolled the virtues of manuring and self-provisioning. In one of his most widely reproduced articles, Phillips condemned planters before whom 'everything has to bend [and] give way to large crops of cotton.' . . ."Phillips imagined the cotton economy in terms of flows of energy, nutrients, and fertility, all of which he was convinced were being expended at an unsustainable rate. He used images of human, animal, and mineral depletion to represent an onrushing ecological catastrophe. But he did so within the incised [limited] terms allowed him by his culture—the culture of cotton. Phillips was arguing that the slaveholding South needed to slow the rate at which it was converting human beings into cotton plants."Walter Johnson, historian, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom, 2013In the first half of the 1800s, which of the following resulted from the debates about the cotton economy described in the excerpt?A. Northerners began to frame antislavery arguments in ecological terms.B. A distinct Southern economic and cultural identity emerged.C. Large numbers of immigrants moved to Southern cities to pursue economic opportunities.D. The federal government built an extensive network of roads, canals, and railroads to support cotton agriculture.

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