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About how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to another through feeding interactions?

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Tropical leafcutter ants collect leaf cuttings which they transport to special underground chambers. There, the ants chew the leaves to create nursery beds on which the ants grow a species of fungus they use for food. When ant queens disperse to establish new colonies, they carry the fungus with them, dispersing it as well (this benefits the fungus). In the ants' new nests, the fungus is at risk of being destroyed by another fungal species that is able to grow in the habitat, using the same limited resources. On their bodies, the ants carry and provide a home for bacteria that produces antibiotics the ants use to kill the newly encountered fungus and thereby protect their food supply. In this system, the relationship between the leafcutter ants and their fundal food species is:interspecific competition.mutualism.predation.parasitism.commensalism.

Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, predation:is a lose-lose interaction.results in gain for both individuals.results in a gain for one individual and a loss for the other.results in a gain for one individual and neither a gain nor a loss for the other.None of the answer options is correct.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed from one state to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Taking this into consideration, what can be said about the energy transferred between levels in a trophic pyramid?All of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. Components that have no energy, such as light, are used to create the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates.Organisms at higher trophic levels consume only the energy they need from lower trophic levels. This leaves a "bank" of energy in lower trophic levels to support higher trophic levels when food is scarce.Some of the energy in a trophic level is converted to heat and is unavailable to the next level of the trophic pyramid.Some of the energy is held in one trophic level, and only the energy needed to support the smaller biomass at a higher level is transferred.All of the energy necessary for a trophic level is transferred to it from the trophic level below it. Because there is less biomass at each successive trophic level, less energy needs to be transferred at each successive level.

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