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Which of the following statements about semi-presidential systems is accurate?a. The president typically makes foreign policy and relies on the prime minister to implement it by representing the country internationally.b. Prominent semi-presidential systems typically place most of the power with the prime minister.c. The prime minister is typically the initiator of policy.d. Constitutional courts are often less powerful as a result of appointment by the president.e. Semi-presidential systems have gone out of favor and have decreased in number during the last two decades.

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Proportional representation systems can be defined as:a. electoral systems in which the candidate with the majority of the vote in a district wins the seat.b. electoral systems in which the candidate with the plurality of the vote in a district wins the seat.c. electoral systems in which the percentage of votes a party receives in a district will determine how many seats that party will win.d. two-round systems for referenda and initiatives.e. two-round systems for electing presidents and prime ministers.

Which of the following statements about referenda and initiatives is accurate?a. National referenda in the United States and Canada are largely used for taxation and economic policy matters.b. Constitutional reform is not subject to reform by referenda because of the ease with which most referenda are passed.c. Formal power to call national referenda lies with the head of state in many European countries.d. Initiatives in most European countries can be started by either the legislature or the head of state, but rarely by the head of government.e. Referenda in the United States are more often used at the national level than at the local or state level.

In which of the following ways does a parliamentary system differ from a presidential one?a. Prime ministers serve for shorter fixed terms than presidents.b. Prime ministers must command a majority to stay in office; presidents do not.c. Election dates are more easily altered in presidential systems than in parliamentary systems.d. Presidents are more easily removed from office than prime ministers.e. Prime ministers are directly elected by the people, while presidents must be elected indirectly through an electoral college.

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