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The executive in charge of dealing with running the state and formulating policy is the:a. head of state. d. chief executive.b. head of government. e. head of authority.c. ceremonial head.

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Which of the following was an effect of the rapid development of many Asian countries in the 1970s on the study of democracy?a. It helped to discredit elite theory.b. It helped to discredit modernization theory.c. It demonstrated that elites were the driving force behind early democratization.d. It proved that a middle class was essential for democratization.e. It demonstrated that overall poverty is not an impediment to democratization.

Which of the following statements about semi-presidential systems is accurate?a. The president typically makes foreign policy and relies on the prime minister to implement it by representing the country internationally.b. Prominent semi-presidential systems typically place most of the power with the prime minister.c. The prime minister is typically the initiator of policy.d. Constitutional courts are often less powerful as a result of appointment by the president.e. Semi-presidential systems have gone out of favor and have decreased in number during the last two decades.

4. Which of the following statements about the relationships among democratization, modernization theory, and political elites is accurate?a. Scholars have shown that contrary to modernization theory, poverty typically does not serve as an obstacle to democratization.b. A core assertion of modernization theory is that a country with political elites will allow democratic institutions to flourish if the country develops enough natural resources to become wealthy.c. According to modernization theory, economic development is important to democratization, but a focus on elites shows that the type of wealth or resources has a big impact on the success of democratization.d. Concentration of economic assets in the hands of a few elites in power ultimately advances democracy because those elites feel secure in their positions and thus allow democratization to flourish.e. Decline of natural resources or economic stagnation typically forces an entrenchment of elites and a reduction of the chances for democratization.

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