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_____ is loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories.Disruptive amnesiaAnterograde amnesiaRetrograde amnesiaConsolidation amnesia
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The Schema theory is a cognitive heuristic//mental script and outlines how one's pre-existing knowledge influences how they remember new information. There are different components to this process as well:-ASSMILIATION describes how someone interprets new ideas/experiences to fit into their existing schemas-ACCOMMODATION: when someone changes existing schemes to fit new ideas or experiences.-SHARPENING AND RATIONALIZING a story: add details/filling the gaps of a story that weren't there in the first place based on your schemaLEVELING: story gets shorterBartlett (1932):aim: to investigate how the memory of a story is affected by previous knowledgeSample: british participantsprocedure: Bartlett told British participants a Native American legend called The War of the Ghosts.two conditions: SERIAL PRODUCTION (participants heard the story and were told to reproduce it after a short time and then to do so again repeatedly over a period of days, weeks, months or years) REPEATED PRODUCTION (they had to recall the story and repeat it to another person)results: Bartlett found that there was no significant difference between the way that the groups recalled the story.STRENGTHS::in BARTLETT: addresses how schema can DISTORT THE ACCURACY OF MEMORY , which is shown throughLASSIMILATION, LEVELING, AND SHARPENING-ASSIMILATION: participants unconsciously changed details of the story in order to fit it to the expectations of their British culture, thus demonstrating schema in this memory process. --e.g. a canoe became a boat-LEVELING AND SHARPENING: participants SHORTENED THE STORY BY DISREGARDING details that they didn't render as important to the story, or changed the order of the story in order FOR IT TO MAKE SENSE TO THEM, using terms that were FAMILIAR TO THEM AND THEIR CULTURE-->memories ARE MORE OF A RECONSTRUCTION of experiences based on one's schema((Analysis))-Bartlett suggested that people reconstruct the past by fitting into their existing schemas; MEMORIES ARE NOT THE COPIES OF THE EXPERIENCES BUT RATHER RECONSTRUCTIONS OF EXPERIENCES -Helped explain (through the understanding of schemas) that when people remember stories, they usually OMIT DETAILS and INTRODUCE DISTORTIONS -Shows how schema theory is useful for understanding how people CATEGORIZE INFORMATION, INTERPRET STORIES, AND MAKE INFERENCESEnglich and Mussweiller:Anchoring bias and its effect of a judge's recommendations on male law students' decision-making regarding the sentencing of a criminal:Sample: law students, two groupsprocedure:--experience didn't have any influence on the law students decision, but the prosecutorsSample: 24 law studentsprocedure:-the researcher presented one group with a rape case-After reading through/forming an opinion about the case, the students were then given a questionnaire to determine an appropriate sentence to fit the crime-One group of students was given a prosecutor's recommendation for a 34-month sentence (high anchor condition) (wanted to give the prosecuters 28 months)-Other group: 2 months (low anchor condition) law students wanted to give 17 monthsRESULTS: there was an eight-month difference in the average sentence between the two groups.WHY it gives rise to anchoring bias in decision making:The study showed that when given the suggestion of 34 months, the students recommended on average a longer sentence. Since they would not have an absolute sense of how many months to punish the offender, they used the "anchor" that they were given to make their decision. This is an example of how a cognitive bias may affect one's behaviour.-as the participants based their personal opinions on the first piece of information given (without challenging their own perceptions), they used the more automatic, intuitive, and unreliable system 1 to process the information given, supporting the fact that they relied too heavily on the information they were provided with, then formed an opinion based on previous account. without weighing the justice of the claims - even the experienced judges unconsciously employed anchoring bias to the same extent as the law students, this suggests that anchoring bias manifests itself in all aspects of life. --as this case concerned the reprehensible act of rape, the participants may have been EMOTIONALLY affected by the type of crime, (unconsciously) allowing personal opinions, experiences, or relations to the issue affect their decisions--the study evokes cultural bias as the experiment was carried out in a WEIRD country (Germany), thereby limiting the findings to the European legal system and the societal context of the natio--Critical thinking: applicationsthe findings can be applied to the improvement of the legal system, hopefully enabling different judges to minimize the drastic difference in sentencing similar crimelimitations:-not GENERALIZABLE; study only had a sample of one gender and only used law students-The construct validity is also an issue because ANCHORING BIAS CANNOT BE FULLY MEASURED-has high ecological validity_____ is the process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.RetrievalEncodingSensationStorage
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