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Early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately ___ bits of information

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When making decisions, we often rely on past experience or the information that is immediately available to us. This is referred to as "system 1 thinking." In order to reduce the amount of thinking required, we often rely on "heuristics" or mental short-cuts to make decisions. Heuristics are a cognitive bias - and although they often help us to make decisions, they sometimes lead to illogical or incorrect decisions or conclusions.One example of a cognitive bias is anchoring bias. Anchoring bias is when the first piece of information we receive influences our decisions. For example, when we hear that the original price of a good was 100 dollars but is now marked down to 80 dollars, we find that more attractive than walking into a store and seeing the same thing for 80 dollars. Seeing the 100 first makes us feel like we are getting a better deal. The value of a good is ambiguous - that is, we don't know how much it should be, so this information helps us to form an opinion and make a decision.One study that showed this cognitive bias was done by Englich and Mussweiler. They wanted to see if anchoring bias would affect a jury's verdict. A sample of law students was given a rape case and was asked, based on the evidence, how long the punishment should be. In one group they were told that the prosecution recommended a 34-month sentence; in the other group a 12-month sentence. The study showed that when given the suggestion of 34 months, the students recommended on average a longer sentence. Since they would not have an absolute sense of how many months to punish the offender, they used the "anchor" that they were given to make their decision. This is an example of how a cognitive bias may affect one's behaviour.English and Mussweiler studied anchoring bias and its effect on courtroom sentencing. Anchoring bias is a heuristic, a mental shortcut that humans use due to being cognitive misers. When we engage in System 1 thinking we make a quick decision without considering all the information that is available and rely on previous knowledge or schemas, as well as using heuristics to make decisions. Anchoring bias is a shortcut by which a decision is influenced by an "anchor." This is a value that is presented and which we then use as a basis for judgment. For example, when bargaining in the marketplace, if you are told that the original price is 1000 dollars, you are more likely to assume that the item has a higher value than if the original price was given as 600 dollars.

The Baddeley and Hitch working memory model:-proposed by Bradly and Hitch, that there are MULTIPLE STORES to the brain than STM, and that these 'slave systems' are more anatomically separated-PHONOLOGICAL LOOP: stores auditory information-visual spatial sketchpad: visual and spatial info-episodic buffer: how we INTEGRATE INFORMATION FROM DIFF MEMORY STORES

cognitive behavior in which ideas, images, mental representations, or other hypothetical elements of thought are experienced or manipulated. In this sense, thinking includes imagining, remembering, problem solving, daydreaming, free association, concept formation, and many other processes. Thinking may be said to have two defining characteristics: (a) It is covert—that is, it is not directly observable but must be inferred from actions or self-reports; and (b) it is symbolic—that is, it seems to involve operations on mental symbols or representations, the nature of which remains obscure and controversial (see symbolic process).

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