Cell Biology Questions
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The transfer of electrons in the ETC causes H+ ions to be pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates an electrochemical gradient of protons (H+) and results in the diffusion of H+ ions called . H+ diffuses back across membrane through ATP synthase, an enzyme which converts ADP → ATP) during this process.
process that breaks down glucose (6-carbon molecule) into 2 pyruvate (3-carbon) molecules that the mitochondria can use
unfolding of enzyme disrupts its protein structure 🡪 reduces enzymatic activity
occurs when enzymes transfer a phosphate from a substrate molecule to ADP to generate small amounts of ATP
Keeps glycolysis going by regenerating NAD+Occurs in cytosolNo oxygen neededCreates ethanol [+ CO2] or lactate2 ATP (from glycolysis)
Releases energy from the breakdown of food with O2Occurs in mitochondriaO2 is required as the final electron acceptorProduces CO2, H2O and up to 32 ATP
a process that captures light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy in sugar molecules
Cellular respiration (breaking down sugars) provides the energy for?
the reactant that an enzyme acts on.The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
process of generating ATP using other electron acceptors besides O2 at the end of the electron transport chainOther final e- acceptors can be: sulfate ion (SO4), nitrate and sulfurEx: Sulfur-reducing marine bacteria
The energy released by ATP hydrolysis (exergonic reaction) drives what type of reactions?
photosynthetic bacteria believed to have an important influence on early Earth's atmosphere
the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
binds to the active site of an enzyme, competes with substrate
During fermentation, in order to keep a sufficient supply NAD+, NADH transfers electrons to blank
a process that makes ATP using glycolysis when oxygen is not available
The total sum of an organism's chemical reactionsEach step in the reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
the energy available for release in a chemical reaction
stacks of disc-shaped sacs found inside chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll, a pigment molecule that absorbs light
reactions that convert Acetyl CoA into Citrate which is then converted to CO2