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A type of selection that occurs when one end of the range of phenotypes is favored by natural selection, causing the frequency of that phenotype to increase over time. An example of this type of selection is the peppered moths during the industrial revolution.
Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of species. Species in a discrete geographic area tend to be more closely related to each other than species in distant geographic areas.
Homologous structures, which have common ancestry (structure) but different functions, provide evidence for evolution, such as the similarity in number and arrangement of bones in the human hand, the bat wing, and the whale fin.
Comparing DNA and amino acid sequences from different organisms provides evidence for evolution. When comparing the DNA sequence of a gene that is shared by different organisms, the more recently the organisms shared a common ancestor, the more similar their DNA sequences will be.
a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time
Some organisms contain anatomical features that no longer seem to have a purpose in the modern organism but may have had a function in an ancestral organism, such as the tailbone in humans.
A type of selection where the intermediate phenotype is favored and extreme phenotypes are selected against. An example of this type of selection is clutch size for birds.
The existence of fossils from organisms that no longer live on earth, as well as transitional fossils sowing intermediate states between ancestral and modern species, provide evidence of evolution. Fossils show that evolutionary changes have occurred over time and provide evidence of the origin of major new groups of organisms.

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