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In the process of _, a DNA sequence is copied into an RNA sequence.

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9.3 A dot plot provides a straightforward way to identifysimilar regions in pairs of sequences. In a dot plot, onesequence is written along the X-axis on a sheet of graph paper, and the second sequence is written along the Yaxis. A dot is placed in the plot whenever the nucleotidein a column on the X-axis matches the nucleotide in a row on the Y-axis.a. Construct a dot plot for each of the following pairs ofsequences, and then state where the plot reveals regionsof similarity between each pair of sequences.i. GCATTTAGAGCCCTAGTCGTGACAGATTCAGTTAGAGCCCTAGCTGATTGCii. AGCGATTGGTCCTGTACGAGCTAAGATGCACCTGTACGAGCCTTAb. Consider the results of your dot plots. What are someof the issues that the BLAST program, which performssequence similarity searches between a querysequence and sequences in a database, must address?
9.12 Describe the steps you would take to obtain a null allele in your favorite yeast gene (YFG) using homologous recombination if you have available a yeast strain that is sensitive to the antibiotic kanamycin, pBluescript II plasmids (see Chapter 8, p. 176) with the DNA inserts diagrammed in Figure 9.B, and are able to transform yeast with a targeting vector, once you construct it. In Figure 9.B, EcoRI, HaeII, HindIII, and PstI are restriction enzymes (see Chapter 8, p. 174) that cleave these DNAs at the sites shown, and the distances between the sites aregiven in kb. As part of your answer, diagram the targeting vector you would construct and the structure of the chromosomal region once YFG is knocked out using this targeting vector. Also, describe how you would use PCR to confirm that you had obtained a null allele at the gene, and indicate on your diagrams the regions you would use for designing PCR primers. Remember that the absence of a PCR product does not provide strong evidence for a specific DNA arrangement, as a PCR could fail for any number of reasons.
*9.22 A central theme in genetics is that an organism's phenotype results from an interaction between its genotype and the environment. Because some diseases have strong environmental components, researchers have begun to assess how disease phenotypes arise from the interactions of genes with their environments, including the genetic background in which the genes are expressed. (See http://pga.tigr.org/desc.shtml for additional discussion.) How might DNA microarrays be useful in a functional genomic approach to understanding human diseases that have environmental components, such as somecancers?

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